Cat Food

Monge Grill Chunkies Sterilised Cat - Super-premium wet food - Trout - 85g

• Italian trout, a delicate and digestible meat, is naturally rich in essential vitamins and trace elements
• Liver increases palatability, which is especially suitable for picky cats
• The specific formula rich in protein and low in fat helps maintain the ideal weight of sterilised cats prone to becoming overweight or obese
• The recipe is formulated without grains

Ingredients: Meat and animal derivatives (pork liver 23% and rabbit meat 16%), vegetables (potatoes), fish and fish derivatives (fresh trout 14%), minerals, powdered milk protein

Analytical constituents: Crude protein: 11.1%, crude fibre: 0.5%, crude fat: 2.8%, crude ash: 2.5%, moisture: 80%

Nutritional additives: Vitamin D3: 180 IU – vitamin E (all-rac-alpha tocopheryl acetate): 40 mg – iron (iron (II) sulphate monohydrate): 13 mg – iodine (calcium iodate): 1.6 mg – copper (copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate): 3.4 mg – manganese (manganese sulphate monohydrate): 8.5 mg – zinc (zinc oxide): 42 mg – selenium (sodium selenite): 0.04 mg, taurine 500 mg/kg. Technological additives: gelling agents and emulsifiers

Gemon Chunkies Cat - Complete Wet Food - Beef - 100g

Balanced and delicious food for cats, carefully formulated to meet their specific needs based on their size, age, condition, and lifestyle.

• Optimal palatability
• Fresh meat
• No artificial colorants or added preservatives

Ingredients: Meat and animal derivatives 45% (fresh beef 6%), vegetables 4%, minerals

Analytical constituents: Crude protein 9.5%, Crude fiber 0.5%, Crude fat 5.5%, Crude ash 2.3%, Moisture 79%

Nutritional additives: Vitamin A (retinyl acetate) 2,500 IU, Vitamin D3 140 IU, Vitamin E (all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate 3a700i) 5 mg, Taurine 500mg

Gemon Senior Chunkies Cat - Complete Wet Food - Turkey - 100g

Balanced and tasty cat food, carefully formulated to meet the specific needs for their size, age, condition, and lifestyle.

• Optimal palatability
• Fresh meat
• No artificial colorants or added preservatives

Ingredients: Meat and animal derivatives 45% (min. 20% turkey meat), minerals, fish and fish derivatives (source of chondroitin)

Analytical constituents: Crude protein 6%, Crude fiber 1%, Crude fat 5%, Crude ash 1.9%, Moisture 79%

Nutritional additives: Vitamin A (retinyl acetate) 2000 IU, Vitamin D3 200 IU, Vitamin E (all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate 3a700i) 5 mg, Taurine 500mg

Feeding recommendations: For a medium-sized cat, 2-3 pouches/day.

Kitekat cat food, with its Natural Vitality formula, meets all your cat's needs, preparing it for its daily adventures.

INGREDIENTS

Meat and animal derivatives (including 4% chicken), cereals, minerals, various sugars

FEEDING GUIDE

Adjust the amount of food to your cat's activity level and physiological condition. A bowl of fresh water should always be available. Allow a transition period when changing the diet.

ANALYSIS

% 6.5 protein,

Fat content: 4%,

Inorganic matter: 1.4,

Crude fiber: 0.3,

Moisture 84

Gemon Senior Chunkies Cat - Complete Wet Food - Turkey - 100g

Balanced and tasty cat food, carefully formulated to meet the specific needs for their size, age, condition, and lifestyle.

• Optimal palatability
• Fresh meat
• No artificial colorants or added preservatives

Ingredients: Meat and animal derivatives 45% (min. 20% turkey meat), minerals, fish and fish derivatives (source of chondroitin)

Analytical constituents: Crude protein 6%, Crude fiber 1%, Crude fat 5%, Crude ash 1.9%, Moisture 79%

Nutritional additives: Vitamin A (retinyl acetate) 2000 IU, Vitamin D3 200 IU, Vitamin E (all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate 3a700i) 5 mg, Taurine 500mg

Feeding recommendations: For a medium-sized cat, 2-3 pouches/day.

At Sheba, we understand your feline friends' desires for high-quality food and carefully crafted recipes. Sheba has developed premium pet food varieties with delicious recipes that turn mealtime into a real pleasure, every time. Your cat will purr on tiptoes for more.

INGREDIENTS

Composition: meat and animal derivatives 44% (including 4% chicken), cereals, minerals, various sugars.

ANALYSIS

Analytical constituents (%):

Protein 8.5

Fat content 4.5

Inorganic matter 2

Crude fibre 0.3

Moisture 82.

BENEFITS

1. High-quality food for adult cats, providing your feline companion with complete nutrition
2. A premium blend of tender meat pieces in delicious sauce
3. 85g pouch of carefully prepared cat food, with a delicious aroma, loved by cats
4. Delicious pet food, made from carefully selected ingredients and sustainably sourced fish
5. High-quality cat food recipes, without artificial colours or preservatives

FEEDING GUIDE

Feeding instructions: A 4kg cat needs approximately 2-3 pouches per day. Adjust the amount of food for the cat's activity level and physiological condition. A bowl of fresh water should always be available.
Serve at room temperature.

A premium blend of tender meat pieces in delicious sauce. The exceptional pet food will make your feline friend purr on tiptoes for more. Available in 85g cat food pouches.

Dried Fish Treats – 500g
100% natural snack, rich in Omega-3, ideal for dogs and cats!

Spoil your pet with a purely natural and extremely tasty snack! Dried fish is an excellent source of light proteins and Omega-3 fatty acids, essential for healthy skin, a shiny coat, and a strong immune system.

🐟 100% dried fish – no additives, just natural and healthy ingredients
🌊 Rich in Omega-3 – supports healthy skin, coat, heart, and joints
🐾 Suitable for dogs and cats – ideal as a daily snack or treat
🌱 Grain-free, no artificial additives or preservatives – perfect for sensitive diets
🦷 Crunchy texture – helps clean teeth through chewing

The 500g packaging is practical and generous, ideal for regular use.

INGREDIENTS:
100% fish

GUARANTEED ANALYSIS:

Crude Protein Min. 42%
Crude Fat Min. 2.0%
Crude Fiber Max. 1.0%
Crude Ash Max. 2.8%
Moisture Max. 18%

White Rawhide Pressed Bones – 500g
Natural and healthy treat, ideal for dogs who love to chew!

This pressed bone is made from white rawhide, carefully processed to preserve its naturalness and ideal texture for chewing. A durable reward that helps clean teeth and maintain oral health.

🦴 White rawhide – 100% natural, without chemicals or harmful treatments
🐾 Suitable for dogs – firm texture, pleasant to chew
🌿 No artificial additives, preservatives or colorants – only pure ingredients
💪 Supports dental hygiene – helps reduce tartar and maintain healthy gums

The 500g package contains a generous amount of natural treats for your pet's daily indulgence.

INGREDIENTS:
100% rawhide

GUARANTEED ANALYSIS:

Crude Protein Min. 58%
Crude Fat Min. 2.0%
Crude Fiber Max. 1.0%
Crude Ash Max. 4.5%
Moisture Max.18%

Rawhide Ring Treats with Chicken – 500g
Long-lasting fun, natural taste, and dental care – all in one treat!

Offer your companion a delicious and durable snack! These rawhide rings wrapped in chicken meat are ideal for dogs and cats who love to chew. They combine the pleasure of chewing with oral and digestive health benefits.

🦴 Natural rawhide – mechanically cleans teeth and reduces tartar buildup
🍗 Tasty chicken meat – rich in quality protein for energy and vitality
🐶🐱 Suitable for dogs and cats – taste and texture appreciated by both species
🌿 100% natural – no artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives
💪 Long-lasting chewing activity – helps calm anxiety and keeps gums healthy

The 500g package offers multiple servings, perfect for indulgence or training moments.

INGREDIENTS:
65% rawhide, 31%
chicken meat, 2% corn starch,
2% glycerin

GUARANTEED ANALYSIS:

Crude Protein Min. 60%
Crude Fat Min. 2.0%
Crude Fiber Max. 0.5%
Crude Ash Max. 3.5%
Moisture Max. 18%

OrganicVet VETERINARY - Gastro-intestinal

Super-premium food with easily digestible ingredients, specially formulated for cats with gastrointestinal problems. Ensures a balanced and healthy diet.

Composition: meat and animal derivatives (poultry), vegetables (potatoes, okra), oils and fats (salmon oil), mannan-oligosaccharides

Analytical constituents: protein 10.10%, fat 5.10%, ash 2.10%, fiber 0.3%, moisture 80%

Nutritional additives/kg: Vit B1 10mg IU, Vit D3 200 IU, Vit E 20mg, cassia gum 2900mg, Vit B2 6mg, Vit B6 2mg, Vit B12 75mcg, nicotinamide 15mg, calcium pantothenate 9mg, folic acid 0.35mg, biotin 300mcg, choline chloride 1200mg, zinc - zinc sulfate 25mg, manganese 1.4mg, iodine - calcium iodate 0.75mg, taurine 1500mg

Feeding method (animal weight in kg/daily food quantity in g):

OrganicVet Feline Veterinary - Sensitive - 200g

• High-quality super-premium food for sensitive cats with food intolerances and allergy tendencies.
• Thanks to specially selected protein sources (poultry) and a single source of high-quality carbohydrates (potatoes), food intolerance can be reduced.
• Contains all vitamins and minerals that are important for a balanced diet.

Ingredients: 65% poultry, 31.9% broth, 2% potatoes, 1% minerals, 1% safflower oil

Analytical constituents: Protein 11.5%, fat content 6.3%, crude ash 1.8%, crude fiber 0.3%, moisture 80%

Nutritional additives: Vitamin D3 200 IU, Vitamin E 30mg, Zinc as zinc sulfate (monohydrate) 5mg, iodine as calcium iodate, anhydrous 0.2mg, Taurine 1.5g

Feeding recommendations:

Feeding method (animal weight in kg/daily food quantity in g): 

Julius K9 Cat - Beef Terrine - 100g

• Super-premium wet food for cats

Ingredients: Meat and animal derivatives 65% (20% beef), minerals 1%, fats and oils (0.2% sunflower oil)

Analytical constituents: Crude protein 10.3%, fats and oils 6.5%, crude ash 2.2%, crude fiber 0.4%, moisture 78%

Nutritional additives: Vit. D3 20 IU, Vit. B1 10mg, Vit. B2 6mg, Vit. B6 2mg, Niacinamide 15mg, Calcium D-Pantothenate 9mg, Folic Acid 0.35mg, Biotin 300, Choline Chloride 1200mg, Zinc 25mg, Manganese 1.4mg, Iodine 0.75, Taurine 1500mg

Feeding recommendations:

The daily ration should correspond to the cat's needs, physical activity, health status and ambient temperature.

A sufficient quantity of fresh water should always be available.

OrganicVet SENSITIVE - Beef, Whole Wheat Pasta and Salmon Oil

• Super-premium food with easily digestible ingredients
• Enriched with FOS and MOS, vitamins and minerals, ensuring a balanced diet and optimal digestion

Composition: 45% chicken, 20% beef, 30.9% broth, 2% whole wheat pasta, 1% minerals, 0.5% FOS, 0.5% MOS, 0.1% salmon oil

Analytical constituents: Protein 11.1%, fat content 6.5%, ash 1.8%, fiber 0.3%, Omega 3 0.03%, Omega 6 0.25%, moisture 80%

Nutritional additives per kg: Vitamin D3 200 IU, vitamin E 30mg, zinc sulfate (monohydrate) 5mg, calcium iodate, anhydrous 0.2 mg, taurine 1500 mg

Technological additives per kg: Cassia gum 1000 mg

Feeding guide:

OrganicVet SENSITIVE - Duck, carrots, salmon oil

Super-premium food with easily digestible ingredients, enriched with FOS, MOS, essential oils, vitamins and minerals, ensuring a balanced diet and optimal digestion.

Composition: 45% chicken, 20% duck, 30.9% broth, 2% carrots, 1% minerals, 0.5% FOS, 0.5% MOS, 0.1% salmon oil.

Analytical constituents: protein 11%, fat 6.2%, ash 2.3%, fiber 0.3%, Omega 3 0.03%, Omega 6 0.25%, moisture 80%.

Nutritional additives/kg: Vit D3 200 IU, zinc sulfate (monohydrate) 5mg, calcium iodate, anhydrous 0.2mg, taurine 1500mg.

Feeding method (animal weight in kg/daily food quantity in gr): 2kg/ 100gr; 4kg/200gr; 6kg/300gr; 8kg/400gr.

The food is prepared with fresh fish – specifically: salmon and white fish – and is characterized by its high animal protein content. In addition, it contains other essential nutrients and vital substances, including B vitamins from yeast, as well as Omega-6 fatty acids from sunflower oil. Perfect Fit Natural Vitality Adult 1+ Salmon and White Fish is based on natural ingredients and is designed for daily feeding.

Perfect Fit Natural Vitality Adult 1+ Salmon and White Fish, description:

• Balanced dry food for adult cats aged 1 year and older
• Fresh fish: prepared with delicious salmon and white fish, a source of high-quality animal protein
• Rich in animal protein: 70% of the total protein content, ideal for a species-appropriate diet
• With yeast: natural source of B vitamins
• Enriched with sunflower oil: source of Omega-6 fatty acids, which support skin and coat
• Prepared with natural ingredients
• Balanced composition: developed in collaboration with nutrition experts and veterinarians from the WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition

Ingredients
Fresh fish (22%, 11% white fish and 11% salmon)*, dried poultry protein, wheat*, greaves protein, corn*, soy protein, oils and fats (including 0.4% sunflower oil), soy meal, dried cereal protein, liver hydrolysate, cellulose*, minerals, yeasts (1%)*, dried beet pulp*, dried apple pulp*.
*natural ingredients.

Additives
Nutritional additives:
vitamin A (8,500 IU/kg), vitamin D3 (937 IU/kg), vitamin B1 (15.6 mg/kg), vitamin B2 (26.7 mg/kg), vitamin B6 (6.9 mg/kg), taurine (1,1940 mg/kg), copper (4.5 mg/kg).

Analysis

Feeding recommendation
Perfect Fit Natural Vitality Adult 1+ Salmon and White Fish is a complete food for cats.

Always ensure fresh water is available for your pet.

Over 83% of cats are spayed or neutered. This is a fundamentally positive measure, including from an animal welfare perspective. However, spaying or neutering interferes with cats' hormonal balance. They can no longer regulate their energy intake and are thus prone to obesity.

Perfect Fit Sterile dry food is an irresistible treat for cats. Perfect Fit Sterile meets the nutritional needs of spayed or neutered cats:

• Optimal weight control: nutritionally optimized recipe, with more nutrients per calorie, which maintains a normal body weight for less active cats
• Healthy urinary tract: high mineral content helps regulate urine pH levels and prevents the formation of urinary stones
• Easy to digest: chicken and rice protect the cat's sensitive stomach while whole wheat and natural fibers actively contribute to efficient bowel function
• Shiny, healthy coat: contains biotin, zinc, and Omega-6 fatty acids, which contribute to maintaining healthy skin and coat

The special recipe with high-quality ingredients and raw materials of Perfect Fit Sterile dry food for spayed or neutered cats has an adapted nutritional composition:

• Mineral and vitamin blend: ensures that the food is complete and balanced and that the cat gets all the nutrients it needs to stay healthy
• Marigold extract: a highly effective source of lutein. This supports the strengthening of the immune system and the cardiovascular system
• Low-fat poultry meat, animal protein: ensures the maintenance of normal weight

Many cats are sensitive to certain types of food, either because they are not suitable for their digestion or because the cats have a genetic predisposition to gain weight. Sensitive cats need a balanced and easily digestible food.

Advantages of Perfect Fit Sensitive 1+ rich in turkey:

• Complete food for adult cats
• Rice, chicken egg white, and natural fibers ensure normal functioning of the digestive tract
• Antioxidants, such as vitamins C & E, lutein, and zinc, support the body's natural defenses
• High mineral content regulates urine pH and prevents urinary stones
• Biotin, zinc, and Omega-6 fatty acids maintain healthy skin and coat

Monge Natural Superpremium Indoor food is a complete food for adult indoor cats. It guarantees your cat's well-being through the high-quality nutrients it contains and through the results of research carried out in Italy.

The main ingredient, chicken meat, is complemented by Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), the latest generation of prebiotics, which maintain intestinal health. This food benefits from a balanced formula, adapted to less active cats, also containing L-Carnitine to maintain muscle mass.

Composition
Chicken (fresh 10%, dehydrated 26%), rice, animal fat (chicken oil, 99.6% fat content, preserved with antioxidants), beet pulp, corn gluten, hydrolyzed animal proteins, whole egg powder (rich in noble proteins), fish (dehydrated salmon), fish oil (salmon oil), brewer's yeast (source of MOS and vitamin B12), insoluble pea fiber, taurine, XOS (xylo-oligosaccharides 3 g/kg), hydrolyzed yeast (MOS), Yucca schidigera, rose hips.

Analytical Constituents
Crude Protein: 29.00%, Crude Oils and Fats: 12.00%, Crude Fibers: 3.00%, Crude Ash: 6.50%, Calcium: 1.25%, Phosphorus: 0.90%, Omega 6 Essential Fatty Acids: 8.50%, Omega 3 Essential Fatty Acids: 1.00%, Metabolizable Energy: 3,840 kcal/kg.

Additives
Nutritional Additives/kg: Vitamin A 20,000 IU, Vitamin D3 1,400 IU, Vitamin E 130 mg, Vitamin B1 10 mg, Vitamin B2 10 mg, Vitamin B6 6 mg, Vitamin B12 0.10 mg, Biotin 0.26 mg, Niacin 40 mg, Vitamin C 200 mg, Pantothenic Acid 10 mg, Folic Acid 14 mg, Choline Chloride 2,500 mg, Inositol 15 mg, E5 Manganese Sulphate Monohydrate 32 mg, E6 Zinc Oxide 150 mg, E4 Copper Sulphate Pentahydrate 13 mg, E1 Iron Sulphate Monohydrate 110 mg, E8 Sodium Selenite 0.20 mg, E2 Calcium Iodate 1.80 mg, L-Carnitine 550 mg, Technically pure DL-Methionine 7.60 g, Taurine 0.25%. Technological Additives: natural mixture of tocopherols and Rosmarinus officinalis extracts.

Feeding instructions
Food can be given at discretion, in some cases, such as obesity and/or other clinical problems. In general, it is advisable to restrict the amount, on the advice of the veterinarian and/or according to the model below. It is important that the animal always has fresh and clean water.

Recommended daily amount (g/day)

Carny Adult is a delicious, healthy, and balanced food of the highest quality for adult cats aged 1 to 6 years. The fresh, carefully selected ingredients guarantee the incomparable taste that cats appreciate so much. Carny Adult provides all the essential nutrients an adult cat needs.

Composition: 48% beef (heart, meat, lungs, liver, udder), 20% chicken feet (meat, bones), sodium chloride.

Ingredient Analysis:

• Protein 11.5%
• fat content 6.5%
• crude fiber 0.5%
• crude ash 1.8%
• moisture 79%
• taurine 0.8 g / kg.

Feeding recommendation

Metabolizable energy per 100 g in MJ: 0.38

Other Information:

• Contains drinking water. Drinking water is not a feed material and therefore cannot be listed in the declaration.
• It is a natural source of calcium that provides essential calcium.
• It is a natural source of sodium and chloride. These are both essential bulk elements.

Carny Adult represents delicious, healthy, and balanced nutrition at the highest level for adult cats aged 1 to 6 years. Selected fresh and meaty ingredients guarantee the incomparable taste that cats appreciate so much. Carny Adult provides all the essential nutrients an adult cat needs.

Composition: 36% beef (lungs, heart, meat, kidney, udder), 25% turkey (liver, heart), 4% shrimp, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride.

Ingredient analysis:

Feeding recommendation:

Metabolizable energy per 100 g in MJ: 0.44

Nutritional additives per kilogram

• 200 IU 3a671
• 0.75 mg 3b202
• 1.4 mg 3b503
• 25 mg 3b605.

Other information:

• Contains drinking water. Drinking water is not a feed material and therefore cannot be listed in the declaration.
• It is a natural source of calcium that provides essential calcium.
• It is a natural source of sodium and chloride. These are both essential bulk elements

Carny Adult is a delicious, healthy, and balanced food of the highest quality for adult cats aged 1 to 6 years. The fresh, carefully selected ingredients guarantee the incomparable taste that cats appreciate so much. Carny Adult provides all the essential nutrients an adult cat needs.

Composition: 35% beef (lung, heart, kidney, meat, udder), 30% chicken (liver, meat, stomach, neck), calcium carbonate, sodium chloride.

Ingredient analysis:

Feeding recommendation:

Metabolizable energy per 100g in MJ: 0.44

Nutritional additives per kilogram

• 200 IU 3a671
• 0.75 mg 3b202
• 1.4 mg 3b503
• 25 mg 3b605.

Other information:

• Contains drinking water. Drinking water is not a feed material and therefore cannot be listed in the declaration.
• It is a natural source of calcium that provides essential calcium.
• It is a natural source of sodium and chloride. These are both essential bulk elements

Carny Adult is a delicious, healthy, and balanced food of the highest quality for adult cats aged 1 to 6 years. The fresh, carefully selected ingredients guarantee the incomparable taste that cats appreciate so much. Carny Adult provides all the essential nutrients an adult cat needs.

Composition: 48% beef (heart, meat, lungs, liver, udder), 20% chicken feet (meat, bones), sodium chloride.

Ingredient Analysis:

• Protein 11.5%
• fat content 6.5%
• crude fiber 0.5%
• crude ash 1.8%
• moisture 79%
• taurine 0.8 g / kg.

Feeding recommendation

Metabolizable energy per 100 g in MJ: 0.38

Other Information:

• Contains drinking water. Drinking water is not a feed material and therefore cannot be listed in the declaration.
• It is a natural source of calcium that provides essential calcium.
• It is a natural source of sodium and chloride. These are both essential bulk elements.

Carny Kitten - prepared with fresh meat ingredients - is a delicious, healthy, and balanced food of the highest quality for growing kittens in their first year of life. Young kittens develop their taste preferences very early on. Carny Kitten is specially adapted to the nutritional needs of growing cats.

Composition: 39% beef (lungs, heart, meat, kidneys, udder), 14% chicken liver, 6% turkey hearts, 6% duck hearts, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride.

Ingredient analysis:

Feeding recommendation:

Metabolizable energy per 100g in MJ: 0.42

Nutritional additives per kilogram

• 200 IU 3a671
• 0.75 mg 3b202
• 1.4 mg 3b503
• 25 mg 3b605

Other information:

• Contains drinking water. Drinking water is not a feeding material and therefore cannot be listed in the declaration.
• It is a natural source of calcium that provides essential calcium.
• It is a natural source of sodium and chloride. Both are essential bulk elements

Carny Adult represents delicious, healthy, and balanced nutrition at the highest level for adult cats aged 1 to 6 years. Selected fresh and meaty ingredients guarantee the incomparable taste that cats appreciate so much. Carny Adult provides all the essential nutrients an adult cat needs.

Composition: 36% beef (lungs, heart, meat, kidney, udder), 25% turkey (liver, heart), 4% shrimp, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride.

Ingredient analysis:

Feeding recommendation:

Metabolizable energy per 100 g in MJ: 0.44

Nutritional additives per kilogram

• 200 IU 3a671
• 0.75 mg 3b202
• 1.4 mg 3b503
• 25 mg 3b605.

Other information:

• Contains drinking water. Drinking water is not a feed material and therefore cannot be listed in the declaration.
• It is a natural source of calcium that provides essential calcium.
• It is a natural source of sodium and chloride. These are both essential bulk elements

Carny Adult is a delicious, healthy, and balanced food of the highest quality for adult cats aged 1 to 6 years. The fresh, carefully selected ingredients guarantee the incomparable taste that cats appreciate so much. Carny Adult provides all the essential nutrients an adult cat needs.

Composition: 48% beef (heart, meat, lung, liver, udder), 20% kangaroo (offal, meat), calcium carbonate, sodium chloride.

Ingredient analysis:

Feeding recommendation:

Metabolizable energy per 100 g in MJ: 0.38

Nutritional additives per kilogram:

• 200 IU 3a671
• 0.75 mg 3b202
• 1.4 mg 3b503
• 25 mg 3b605.

Other information:

• Contains drinking water. Drinking water is not a feed material and therefore cannot be listed in the declaration.
• It is a natural source of calcium that provides essential calcium.
• It is a natural source of sodium and chloride. These are both essential bulk elements