Medical Dictionary

Otitis is a common condition in puppies. It affects the ear and can cause pain, and if left untreated, can lead to serious complications.

Otitis is a common condition in puppies. It affects the ear and can cause pain, and if left untreated, can lead to serious complications.

Constipation in dogs is a condition in which colon motility decreases, and feces are no longer eliminated within the physiological interval. Such a blockage occurs due to various causes, from inadequate diet or dehydration to various anatomical problems. Constipation in dogs worsens in the absence of rapid measures, as waste accumulates, and pressure on the colon increases. Treatment varies depending on the causes of the constipation episode and the general condition of the pet. Generally, administering supplements with a laxative effect and increasing fluid intake are sufficient to remedy the problem. In severe cases, however, specialized medical interventions may be necessary. Dog Constipation - Causes - Why Does My Dog Get Constipated? Disorders leading to canine constipation are divided into nutritional, fluid, psychological, and mechanical factors. A diet rich in animal protein, lacking fiber, affects the consistency of the fecal bolus. Low fluid intake, on the other hand, leads to excessive loss of intestinal content, which causes difficult elimination of waste. Colon motility also depends on the proper functioning of the neuroendocrine system. Certain breeds show increased susceptibility to constipation, especially dogs with an anatomical structure prone to blockages. Unbalanced Diet Insufficient fiber intake is a determining factor in the occurrence of constipation. An improper diet, characterized by reduced fiber intake, diminishes the optimal volume and consistency of feces, leading to intestinal blockages. Dehydration Insufficient fluid intake leads to excessive absorption of water from the intestinal contents, a situation that results in the production of dry, rigid stools that are difficult to eliminate. Maintaining proper hydration promotes regular bowel movements and prevents waste accumulation. Consistent consumption of fresh water or the inclusion of wet food in the diet helps maintain the necessary hydro-electrolytic balance. Lack of Activity Sedentary lifestyle reduces the stimulation of peristalsis, which is fundamental for the movement of intestinal content. Dogs that are not physically active enough have incorrect digestive tract function, leading to slowed transit and, implicitly, constipation. Stress Exposure to tense situations can affect neuroendocrine balance, disrupting digestive function. Stress affects complete digestion, leading to the accumulation of food residues and the onset of constipation. Although stress-related manifestations are generally transient, proper management of emotional factors and environmental adaptation contribute to restoring normal digestive function. Obstruction by a Foreign Object Accidental ingestion of objects such as gravel, toys, or buttons can lead to mechanical blockages in the intestinal tract. Obstructions can also be caused by endogenous anomalies, such as polyps or intestinal kinks, which alter the normal anatomy of the colon. In situations where the blockage is severe, surgical intervention becomes necessary to extract the object. Intestinal Parasites Parasitic infestation can disrupt the microbial balance of the intestine and reduce normal motility. This imbalance promotes the formation of hard and difficult-to-eliminate stools. Treating parasites, according to veterinary protocol, restores digestive function and prevents associated complications. Side Effects of Certain Medications The administration of certain medications, such as antihistamines, diuretics, or antacids, can negatively influence intestinal motility. Substances contained in certain medications reduce the efficiency of colon contractions, which facilitates the onset of constipation. Adjusting the medication regimen, under the supervision of a veterinarian, is necessary to minimize the negative impact on the digestive tract and to ensure optimal gastrointestinal system function. Abstract Reactions Any obstruction in the rectum or anus can disrupt the normal flow of fecal matter. Blockages can occur due to the formation of fistulas, abscesses, or tumors. Puppy Constipation - Symptoms Similar to humans, dogs can experience discomfort or even abdominal pain due to constipation. Depending on the causes, the pain can be mild or intense and may or may not improve with natural remedies. Typical manifestations of constipation include: infrequent elimination of gastric contents (the dog fails to have bowel movements for more than 48 hours or even longer); pronounced difficulty defecating; stools with a hard and dense texture (the stool may appear pebble-like); abdominal discomfort; vomiting episodes (due to intestinal stasis); lethargy and decreased appetite; traces of blood or mucous secretions in feces; bloating and flatulence; stiffness when walking (the dog tries to reduce pressure in the abdominal area). Constipation in Dogs - When to Go to the Vet? If the problem persists for more than two days, it is recommended to seek veterinary help, as there may be more serious causes. The doctor will want to know: when your dog last had a normal bowel movement; the consistency and color of the feces; if there are changes in the puppy's routine or diet; if it has swallowed toys, pieces of wood, beach sand, stones, etc.; if it is undergoing treatment; what other symptoms of discomfort you have observed. How is Constipation Diagnosed in Dogs? The diagnostic protocol involves various stages, with the ultimate goal of establishing the exact cause and starting treatment as soon as possible. Initially, the veterinarian will ask a series of typical questions to gather information about diet, medication, activity level, and the onset of the problem. The physical examination assesses colon palpability, tenderness to touch, and possible signs of bloating or obstruction. The list of investigations includes: blood, urine, and fecal analyses (to check kidney and liver function and other parameters); coproparasitological tests (useful in detecting intestinal worms); abdominal radiography (for visualizing fecal accumulations and potential foreign bodies); ultrasound (if there are suspicions of structural changes or tumors); endoscopy (rarely, if a visible obstruction in the upper gastrointestinal tract is suspected). Treatment for Constipation in Dogs The therapeutic plan varies depending on the trigger factor and the degree of severity. For mild forms, caused by an unbalanced diet, the diet is corrected, aiming for an increase in fiber and water content. Administering supplements with laxative action, based on psyllium or lactulose, helps soften stools. If the doctor suspects a minor obstruction, suppositories or enemas with rapid effect may be recommended, under the supervision of medical personnel. Episodes involving dehydration require intravenous fluid therapy to replenish hydro-electrolytic reserves and facilitate waste elimination. The chronic form, with severe colon distension, requires detailed investigations and, in rare cases, surgery. Natural Remedies for Dog Constipation You Can Try at Home Some natural methods contribute to alleviating moderate blockages, provided there are no emergency signals. The list of potentially helpful alternatives includes: gradual increase in the amount of fiber in the diet, by offering lightly cooked vegetables or bran (pumpkin or bran are recommended); milk (is one of the most effective ways to treat constipation in puppies); offering small portions of vegetable oil, such as olive oil, for its emollient effect; wet food with a rich water content, beneficial for enhancing intestinal hydration; increasing fluid intake; gentle massage on the abdominal area, avoiding excessive pressure; light exercises, such as short walks after each meal, to accelerate colonic contractions. Using natural remedies for constipation is suitable for short-term episodes, up to two days, without severe symptoms (persistent vomiting, pronounced bloating, bleeding). If the pet does not show improvement or worsens, a veterinary consultation becomes mandatory. Veterinary Treatment for Constipation in Dogs In situations where natural remedies do not produce the expected result, or the causes are more complex, veterinary treatment is required and may involve: administration of osmotic laxatives, which increase the water volume in the stool; suppositories with a stimulating role at the anal level; enema (to clear the intestines of hardened fecal matter); prokinetics, useful in restoring intestinal contractions; intravenous infusion, to rebalance fluid volume; intensive deworming, if tests confirm parasitic infestation; mild sedatives or behavioral counseling, where a psychological factor is suspected. Surgical Treatment for Constipation in Dogs Invasive procedures are considered when the colon contains hard masses or when bone materials remain stuck to the internal walls. Manual fragmentation of fecal content, under anesthesia, is a method for critical situations. Sometimes, partial resection of intestinal segments becomes necessary, especially in advanced megacolon or in the presence of strictures. Constipation in Dogs - Complications Neglecting constipation and its persistence can be associated with numerous potential complications, sometimes of extreme severity. In rare cases, constipation in dogs can lead to intestinal perforations, with the likelihood of peritonitis, a condition that requires emergency surgical treatment. Other, less rare complications include: formation of hard fecal masses (fecalomas) that cause irritation and can damage the mucous membrane; anal fissures, due to intense efforts during defecation; autointoxication, due to the absorption of toxins from stagnant waste; rectal prolapse, caused by repeated evacuation attempts; secondary infections, when the microflora is imbalanced. Recommended Food for Treating Constipation in Puppies Dogs experiencing episodes of constipation require a carefully structured diet. Increasing fiber intake, predominantly from green vegetables, bran, or whole grains, is recommended to increase stool volume and facilitate elimination. Wet dog food, designed to provide additional fluids, has a beneficial effect during the recovery period, and its use is indicated in the first few days after the onset of constipation and a few days after remediation. It is also important to avoid very fatty or spicy products. It is recommended to exclude the following foods from the diet: rice, corn, meat broth, grapes, meat with muscle tissue, cheese, fermented dairy products. A sudden change in diet is not desirable, as abrupt changes can worsen the situation. Gradual transitions and monitoring of reactions are recommended. If the pet refuses certain preparations, specialized veterinary options formulated to support digestive function can be explored. How to Prevent Constipation in Dogs? Constipation in dogs can be prevented if you follow the recommendations below: provide a regular feeding schedule (try to have meals at the same time); avoid giving your pet difficult-to-digest products in large quantities; avoid giving bones every day; exclude gas-producing foods from the diet (apples, cabbage, broccoli, oats, potatoes, corn); provide a balanced diet that combines dry and wet food; ensure your pet has access to clean and fresh water; at the recommendation of the veterinarian, give your pet vitamin and mineral supplements; spend at least 30 minutes on each walk and walk the animal every day. Most of the time, constipation in dogs subsides after 1-2 days or after introducing foods with a laxative effect (milk or buckwheat) into their diet. If constipation persists, it is recommended to consult a veterinarian to prevent complications. How Long Does Constipation Last in Dogs? The interval from the onset to the resolution of constipation differs depending on the specific cause and the body's reaction to the measures taken. A constipated dog with a minor blockage can eliminate waste after 24-48 hours if it receives enough water and has an appropriate diet. Factors that prolong the duration of a constipation episode include severe dehydration, the presence of foreign bodies, and systemic diseases. Early veterinary intervention, with laxatives or natural remedies for dog constipation, shortens the episodes. Photo source: Freepik Frequently Asked Questions About Constipation in Dogs How Do You Know If Your Dog Is Constipated? Careful observation of the pet's behavior and eliminated stools can provide clear clues about the existence of defecation problems. A constipated dog tries to defecate frequently but evacuates nothing or produces very small quantities of hard feces. You may notice an arching of the dog's back during defecation and tension in the abdominal muscles. Sometimes groaning, refusal to eat, and an apathetic attitude appear. Can Constipation in Dogs Be Caused by Certain Foods? The diet has a direct influence on intestinal transit. Constipation in dogs increases in frequency when the menu contains excessive amounts of refined carbohydrates and hard-to-digest fats. Products with synthetic additives, colorings, and preservatives can alter the local microbiota and motility. At the same time, certain foods, such as cooked bones, generate hard fragments that remain in the colon and block elimination. Are There Dog Breeds Prone to Constipation? Body structure and activity level differ between breeds, and some have a greater predisposition to constipation. Breeds with a slow metabolism tend to have slowed transit and implicitly a higher risk of constipation. Constipation in dogs is also more frequent in long-haired specimens, because the ingestion of hair leads to the formation of clumps in the colon. Older dogs, regardless of breed, show a decrease in muscle tone and activity level, elements that favor stool retention. How Much Water Should a Dog Drink Daily to Prevent Constipation? Hydration needs vary depending on size, age, and ambient temperature. Generally, an intake of approximately 40-60 ml of water per kilogram of body weight in 24 hours is recommended. Constipation in dogs is less common when the consumed liquid corresponds to physiological requirements. Active animals and specimens exposed to heat need an additional volume of water. Animals fed predominantly dry products also require additional water intake, unlike those that also receive wet food. Does Dog Constipation Heal on Its Own? Certain mild episodes, caused by temporary dietary changes or reduced water intake, can be resolved by modifying the diet and increasing fluid intake. However, severe situations do not disappear spontaneously, especially when there is a physical obstacle or a pathological cause. A dog that continues to struggle with defecation for several days risks rectal lesions and autointoxication. Owners who expect a spontaneous resolution risk worsening symptoms and the appearance of complications. Last edited: March 9, 2025 LATEST POSTS

Pyometra in Cats: Symptoms and Treatment of Uterine Infection Pyometra is one of the most serious uterine conditions that can affect unspayed cats. This life-threatening infection involves the accumulation of pus in the uterus and is often difficult to detect in its early stages, especially if the symptoms are not obvious. Whether we are talking about open pyometra, where signs are more easily observable, or closed pyometra, a much more dangerous and insidious form, prompt treatment is essential to prevent major complications. Below, we will analyze in detail the symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for pyometra in cats, as well as how you can support your cat's recovery after intervention. We will also discuss the preventive measures owners can adopt to reduce the risk of this dangerous condition. What is pyometra in cats? Causes of pyometra in cats Symptoms of pyometra in cats Diagnosis of pyometra Treatment of pyometra Recovery after treatment Prevention of pyometra Frequently asked questions What is pyometra in cats? Pyometra is a severe uterine infection that affects unspayed cats, especially those of middle or older age. It usually occurs as a result of hormonal changes that occur during the reproductive cycle when progesterone stimulates the glands in the uterus to produce secretions. If bacteria enter the uterus, they can cause an infection, leading to the accumulation of pus. Pyometra is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment, as if left untreated, it can cause serious complications such as uterine rupture or sepsis, both of which can be fatal. Types of pyometra There are two main types of pyometra: open pyometra and closed pyometra. Open pyometra In open pyometra, the cervix (neck of the uterus) is open, allowing accumulated pus to drain from the uterus. This type is easier to recognize, as cat owners may notice purulent vaginal discharge that is yellowish or brownish. These yellow discharges in cats often have an unpleasant odor. Although open pyometra is less dangerous than the other form, treatment is essential to prevent the cat's condition from worsening and further complications. Closed pyometra In closed pyometra, the cervix is completely closed, which prevents pus from draining from the uterus. This is a much more dangerous form, as the pus remains trapped inside, and clinical signs may be more subtle. Cats with closed pyometra may exhibit lethargy, excessive thirst, a swollen and painful abdomen, and loss of appetite. This type of pyometra can rapidly lead to uterine rupture and severe systemic infections, making surgical intervention an absolute emergency. Causes of pyometra in cats Pyometra is a serious condition that arises from the complex interaction between bacteria and hormonal changes in the cat's body, especially during the reproductive cycle. Several causes and risk factors can contribute to the development of pyometra. Hormonal imbalances One of the main factors contributing to pyometra is the presence of high levels of progesterone in the uterus, a hormone released after ovulation. This hormone's role is to prepare the uterus for a potential pregnancy, but it can also cause hyperactivity of the glands in the uterine wall, which secrete fluids. In this context, the uterus becomes vulnerable to infections, as the secretions can create an environment favorable for bacterial growth. Spaying cats through ovariohysterectomy completely eliminates this risk. Discuss with your veterinarian the appropriate age for spaying cats to receive personalized advice; the official recommendation advocates spaying before 6 months of age and before the first heat cycle. Spaying is one of the best investments you can make for your cat's health and longevity. Read some practical tips about spaying your cat if you have decided to schedule the procedure with your veterinarian! Use of hormonal contraceptives Some cats are treated with hormonal medications to prevent them from going into heat. These medications contain progesterone or synthetic progestins and can lead to changes similar to those that occur during the cat's natural cycle, increasing the risk of pyometra. Long-term use of hormonal contraceptives is associated with a significantly higher risk of developing uterine infection. If you want to avoid the discomfort associated with estrus, discuss with your doctor what spaying in cats means in the short and long term and make an informed decision! Bacterial infections Bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, are the most common causes of pyometra. These bacteria can enter the uterus through the vagina, especially during the heat period, when the cervix is open, allowing access to bacteria from the external environment. If the cat's immune system fails to fight the infection, the bacteria can multiply in the uterus and cause the formation and accumulation of pus. Risk factors There are a number of risk factors that increase the likelihood of a cat developing pyometra in her lifetime: Advanced age: older cats are more susceptible to pyometra, as their uterus has been exposed to hormonal cycles multiple times. Unspayed cats: unspayed cats have a much higher risk of developing pyometra, as these hormonal changes are repeated with each heat cycle. In conclusion, pyometra is caused by a combination of hormonal and bacterial factors, and unspayed cats, especially those treated with hormonal contraceptives, are the most vulnerable. Caring for your cat involves several important measures, including choosing a complete diet with high-quality ingredients, appropriate for the cat's age and physiological state. Discover premium dry food options for cats! Symptoms of pyometra in cats Symptoms of pyometra in cats vary depending on the type of condition (open or closed), but, in general, they can be subtle at first and can progress rapidly as the infection advances. It is essential for cat owners to recognize the signs as early as possible, as pyometra is a medical emergency. Abnormal vaginal discharge (in open pyometra) In open pyometra, the cervix is dilated, allowing accumulated pus to drain from the uterus. This leads to the appearance of vaginal discharge that may have the following characteristics: Yellow, brown, or even reddish color (due to mixing with blood); Unpleasant, strong odor; Abundant discharge, noticeable on the fur, in the genital area, or on surfaces where the cat lies down. Cats may excessively lick their genital area to remove secretions, a sign that may go unnoticed. Swollen and painful abdomen (in closed pyometra) In closed pyometra, the cervix remains closed, and pus accumulates in the uterus without being able to drain. This accumulation causes abdominal distension (swelling), which can become sensitive and painful. As the uterus enlarges, it may even threaten to rupture, causing a major medical emergency. Lethargy and apathy Cats affected by pyometra often become apathetic and lethargic. They lose interest in their usual activities and prefer to stay in a quiet place. This symptom is common in both forms of pyometra and indicates a general deterioration of health. Loss of appetite One of the common signs is decreased appetite or even anorexia. Sick cats may refuse to eat, and this can be aggravated by associated symptoms: fever or abdominal pain. Excessive thirst (polydipsia) and frequent urination (polyuria) Cats with pyometra may develop an imbalance in kidney function due to severe infection. This leads to increased thirst and frequent urination. Polydipsia and polyuria are common symptoms in cases of severe infections affecting internal organs. Fever Fever may occur as the body's response to infection. Although not present in all cases, a cat with a fever will feel generally unwell and be less active. Vomiting and diarrhea In advanced cases, pyometra can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. These usually occur in the severe stages of the disease when the infection begins to spread and affect the entire body. Dehydration and weight loss Sick cats may start to lose weight due to lack of appetite and dehydration, which worsens as the infection progresses. Diagnosis of pyometra Diagnosing pyometra is essential to determine the presence and severity of the uterine infection, as well as to quickly decide on the best treatment. Since symptoms can vary and be subtle, especially in closed pyometra, correct and prompt diagnosis is vital for saving the cat's life. Clinical examination The first step in diagnosis is a careful evaluation of the cat's medical history. The veterinarian will ask about: The cat's last heat period; Whether hormonal contraceptives were used to prevent estrus; Whether the cat has recently given birth or had other reproductive problems; Recent changes in behavior or health status (lethargy, loss of appetite, vaginal discharge). A detailed physical examination is another important step. The veterinarian will check for: Presence of vaginal discharge (in open pyometra); Abdominal swelling, which may suggest pus accumulation in the uterus (in closed pyometra); General signs of infection, such as fever, dehydration, lethargy, and abdominal discomfort. Cats with pyometra are often very sensitive to abdominal palpation, which may suggest an enlarged or inflamed uterus. Suspicion of pyometra requires confirmation through other tests and analyses, in the case of closed pyometra. Diagnostic tests Blood tests are useful for detecting signs of systemic infection or organ damage due to pyometra: Increased white blood cell count: this is a classic indicator of infection, and a high level may suggest a severe bacterial infection. Anemia: may be present in advanced cases of pyometra. Changes in kidney function: pyometra can affect the kidneys, and blood tests may show dysfunction at this level. Abdominal ultrasound Ultrasound is the most accurate test for diagnosing pyometra. With the help of ultrasound, the veterinarian can visualize the uterus and observe if there are accumulations of pus. Ultrasound can differentiate between pyometra and other conditions that can cause similar symptoms, such as pregnancy or uterine tumors. In the case of closed pyometra, this is the preferred method for visualizing the size and extent of the infection. Abdominal radiography Although less accurate than ultrasound, radiography can be used to detect an enlarged uterus, which may be filled with pus. Radiography can be useful in cases where ultrasound is not available, but it may not provide a clear diagnosis in all situations. Examination of vaginal discharge (in open pyometra) In open pyometra, the veterinarian can examine vaginal discharge to assess the presence of bacteria and pus. This can help confirm the infection and identify the type of bacteria involved. In some cases, the veterinarian may collect samples from the uterus or vaginal secretions for a bacteriological examination. This test allows the identification of the exact type of bacteria causing the infection and can help in choosing appropriate antibiotics. Treatment of pyometra Pyometra is a serious condition that requires emergency treatment. The most effective solution is surgical intervention, but depending on the cat's general condition and the type of pyometra (open or closed), there are also medicinal options. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent severe complications, such as uterine rupture or sepsis, which can be fatal. Surgical treatment: ovariohysterectomy (spaying) The most common and effective treatment method for pyometra is ovariohysterectomy (or complete spaying), which involves the removal of the uterus and ovaries. This surgical intervention is considered standard, especially in closed pyometra, as it eliminates the source of infection and prevents recurrences. The cat is placed under general anesthesia to perform the procedure. The veterinary surgeon will make an incision in the abdominal area and remove both the infected uterus and the ovaries. This is a relatively common procedure in veterinary medicine. Surgical treatment offers important advantages. First, once the uterus is removed, the risk of recurrence is eliminated. In addition, ovariohysterectomy prevents the occurrence of other reproductive or hormonal problems in the future. Medicinal treatment In very rare cases, when pyometra is in its early stages and the cat is a candidate for breeding, medicinal treatment may be attempted. This is not the first recommended option, as the risks and success rate are limited. Medicinal treatment includes the use of antibiotics and drugs that induce uterine contractions to evacuate pus from the uterus. Prostaglandins are drugs that induce uterine contractions and help eliminate pus, but they are effective only in cases of open pyometra when the cervix is dilated. This treatment is risky and requires constant monitoring to avoid complications. Antibiotics are used to combat bacterial infection. However, they are not a definitive solution, as they cannot completely eliminate pus from the uterus, and the infection may recur. Antibiotics are also administered in preparation for surgery to stabilize the cat and reduce the risk of sepsis. Medicinal treatment requires continuous monitoring of the cat, as there is a risk that the infection may progress rapidly if pus is not effectively eliminated. If the cat does not respond well to medication, surgical intervention will be recommended. Recovery after treatment After treatment for pyometra, whether it was surgical intervention (ovariohysterectomy) or medicinal treatment, the cat requires careful care and constant monitoring to ensure a complete recovery. Here are the details regarding postoperative care, health status monitoring, and possible complications that may arise after treatment. Postoperative care After surgery, the cat requires careful supervision, which includes: Incision check: it is important to monitor the incision to ensure it is healing correctly. The incision should be clean, without signs of excessive redness, swelling, or unusual discharge. Area cleaning: generally, the incision area should not get dirty, but if it does, gently clean the area with sterile saline solution or as directed by the veterinarian. Prevent licking: the cat may be tempted to lick the incision, which can lead to infections. In this case, it is recommended to use an Elizabethan collar to prevent her from reaching the operated area. Antibiotics: if the veterinarian has prescribed antibiotics to prevent infections, make sure to administer them as directed. Do not interrupt the treatment even if the cat seems to feel better. Painkillers: administer pain medication as prescribed to ensure the cat's comfort. Do not use human medication, as these can be toxic to cats. Keep an easily digestible diet: after surgery, the cat may have a reduced appetite. Offer easily digestible food and make sure she has constant access to fresh water. Pay attention to the amount of food and water consumed. Any significant decrease in food or water intake can be a sign of complications. Limit movement: prevent the cat from excessive physical exertion. Do not let her jump or run until the veterinarian deems it safe to do so. Provide her with a comfortable and quiet resting place, in warmth. During the convalescence period, cats may have a capricious appetite, and their digestion may be upset. Wet cat food is a tastier alternative, which also provides extra hydration and is more easily accepted! Monitoring health status Careful monitoring of the cat must extend beyond the first 48 hours post-surgery, until complete healing. Temperature: measure the cat's temperature to check if it is within normal limits (generally between 38-39°C). An increased or decreased temperature can indicate postoperative problems. Respiration and pulse: monitor the cat's respiratory rate and pulse. Any significant changes can indicate complications. Lack of appetite: if the cat continues not to eat or drink water after a few days, inform the veterinarian. Lethargy: a certain degree of lethargy is normal after surgery, but if the cat becomes extremely lethargic or refuses to move, you should contact the veterinarian. Signs of infection: check for signs of infection, such as excessive redness, purulent discharge, or swelling around the incision. Possible postoperative complications Complications after spaying in cats are rare, but when the intervention is performed in the presence of pyometra, the doctor will recommend a higher level of caution, especially if the feline's health has been affected for several days. In the case of pyometra surgery, the risk of infection and sepsis is higher than in the case of a simple spaying. Anesthesia in cats can, in rare cases, cause some accidents, and the risk is higher if renal function is altered by the existing infection. Similar to any other surgical intervention, there are risks related to wound healing; it can become infected if not properly cared for, there is a possibility that the cat will lick until the sutures are removed or that healing will be slower than expected. Pyometra Prevention Pyometra prevention is essential to protect cats from this serious condition and to ensure them a long and healthy life. The main preventive measures include spaying the cat, avoiding hormonal contraceptives, and careful monitoring of unspayed cats. If you find it difficult to make decisions regarding your cat's health and have questions you would prefer to hear answers from several specialists, contact an experienced veterinarian through our form! Spaying the cat Spaying (or ovariohysterectomy) is the most effective preventive measure against pyometra. By removing the uterus and ovaries, the risk of developing this condition is completely eliminated, as there are no reproductive tissues that can be infected. Spaying prevents hormonal changes associated with the reproductive cycle, which can contribute to the development of pyometra. In addition to preventing pyometra, spaying reduces the risk of mammary tumors and other reproductive problems. Spaying helps control the cat population, preventing unwanted births and contributing to the reduction of homeless pets. Spaying can usually be done at 5-6 months of age, before the first heat, but it can also be performed on adult cats. The intervention is easier to manage in younger and healthier cats, but it is valid at any time if it has not been done before. Avoiding hormonal contraceptives Hormonal contraceptives are used to prevent estrus (heat) in cats, but these can induce hormonal changes that increase the risk of pyometra. Contraceptives contain hormones that can stimulate the development of uterine secretions, creating a favorable environment for infections. Studies show that cats that receive long-term hormonal treatments are more susceptible to pyometra, as well as the appearance of mammary cancer. Careful monitoring of the health of unspayed cats For cats that have not been spayed, careful monitoring of their health can help early identification of problems and prevention of complications. Monitor any abnormal secretions, especially if they are yellow, brown, or have an unpleasant odor. Watch for signs of lethargy, loss of appetite, excessive thirst, or other behavioral changes that may indicate a health problem. Perform regular veterinary check-ups to assess the cat's overall health and detect health problems in their early stages. If the cat goes into heat frequently, discuss with the veterinarian about possible hormonal evaluations and associated risks. Frequently Asked Questions There are a number of questions that cat owners frequently ask the veterinarian, which we will answer below. Can my cat get pyometra even if she has only had one heat cycle? Yes, your cat can develop pyometra even after a single heat cycle. Although the risk of pyometra increases with each heat cycle, even a single hormonal exposure can contribute to the development of uterine infection. Pyometra is often linked to the hormonal changes that occur during and after the heat period. Is there an alternative to spaying to prevent pyometra? Spaying is the only effective method of preventing pyometra. How quickly should I take my cat to the vet if I suspect pyometra? Pyometra is a veterinary emergency, which is why it is essential to take your cat to the vet as soon as you suspect she might have this diagnosis. In the absence of prompt and correct intervention, your cat is in danger of losing her life. Pyometra in cats is a serious condition that requires attention and rapid action. By spaying, avoiding hormonal contraceptives, and careful monitoring of unspayed cats, you can significantly reduce the risks. If you notice symptoms of pyometra, take your cat to the vet immediately to prevent serious complications. Understanding and implementing preventive measures not only protects the cat's health but also contributes to improving her quality of life. With proper management and adequate treatments, your cat can have a long and happy life, without unnecessary risks. Sources: https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/reproductive/signs-pyometra-cats https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/pyometra-in-cats https://www.webmd.com/pets/cats/what-is-pyometra-in-cats Photo sources: Shutterstock, Shutterstock.

Canine distemper, popularly known as distemper, is one of the most severe and contagious viral diseases affecting dogs. Canine distemper has varied clinical manifestations and can lead to severe and sometimes fatal complications. Find out more about the causes of this disease, how it can manifest, how a definitive diagnosis is made, and what treatment options exist. Equally important, discover how to prevent the disease to protect your dog's health! What is canine distemper? Canine distemper - causes and transmission Canine distemper - symptoms Canine distemper (Carre's disease) - diagnosis Canine distemper treatment options Preventing canine distemper What is canine distemper? Distemper is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease that affects domestic dogs and other carnivorous species. It is caused by the Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, related to the measles virus in humans and the rinderpest virus. This virus has the ability to affect multiple body systems, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, nervous, and immune systems. Canine distemper - causes and transmission Canine distemper is a highly contagious viral infection that can spread rapidly within dog populations. The virus can be transmitted through several routes, each contributing to the rapid and efficient spread of the infection. The main modes of transmission are as follows: Direct contact: dogs can become infected through direct contact with the saliva of a sick dog, for example, by licking, biting, or other physical contact. The virus can be transmitted through nasal and ocular secretions of infected dogs. Coughing and sneezing can disperse viral particles into the air, facilitating their inhalation by healthy dogs; Indirect contact: the virus can survive on surfaces contaminated with bodily secretions, such as food and water bowls, toys, bedding, and other objects with which dogs come into contact. Additionally, the clothes and hands of people who have touched an infected dog can carry the virus. The virus can remain active in enclosed environments, such as dog shelters, veterinary clinics, and breeding centers, if adequate hygiene and disinfection measures are not taken. Airborne transmission: the virus can be spread through fine aerosol droplets released into the air by coughing and sneezing from infected dogs. These droplets can be inhaled by healthy dogs, leading to infection. Although it does not replace vaccination, healthy and harmonious development of puppies and a strong immunity in adult dogs can be supported with the help of specific dietary supplements; discuss with your veterinarian about the opportunity to provide your dog with effective support for its well-being and quality of life! Risk factors There are several risk factors that should be considered when discussing the prevention of canine distemper, or when there is a suspicion of diagnosis: Age: young dogs, especially those under six months of age, are most vulnerable to infection because their immune system is not fully developed and, in many cases, they have not yet been fully vaccinated; Incomplete vaccination: dogs that have not been vaccinated or have an incomplete vaccination schedule are more susceptible to infection. Regular vaccination is essential to ensure long-term immunity; Environment: dogs living in crowded environments, such as shelters, dog kennels, and those frequenting dog parks, have an increased risk of contracting the disease due to close contact with other animals; Compromised immune system: dogs with weakened immune systems, either due to chronic diseases or severe stress, are more susceptible to infection and the development of severe complications. Can canine distemper be transmitted to humans? Given the impressive clinical picture, a frequently asked question by veterinarians is whether canine distemper can be transmitted to humans. Canine distemper is not transmissible to humans, as the virus is specific to dogs and other carnivores, such as foxes, wolves, and raccoons. The virus does not have the ability to infect humans, being adapted to infect only the cells of its natural hosts. The molecular structure and mechanisms of viral entry into cells are specific to receptors found on carnivore cells, which are absent from human cells, preventing viral attachment. Canine distemper - symptoms Symptoms of canine distemper are varied and variable. They differ depending on the stage of the disease and the affected organs and organ systems: respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, and sometimes the skin. Initial symptoms of canine distemper The initial symptoms of canine distemper are non-specific. One of the first signs of infection is fever, which is recurrent in some situations. Affected dogs often show a decrease in appetite or anorexia, are lethargic and apathetic, refuse to play, and are not even enthusiastic about a potential walk. Sometimes, your dog's lack of appetite can signal a serious health problem. Other times, however, it may result from boredom or high outdoor temperatures. Test wet dog food and supplement your furry friend's regular diet to help them through these periods! Respiratory symptoms of canine distemper In the respiratory form of distemper, serous or purulent nasal and ocular secretions are common symptoms. The eyes are often red and inflamed due to conjunctivitis. The dog exhibits a persistent cough, sometimes with expectoration, affecting the upper or lower respiratory tract. In severe cases, the dog may show dyspnea, labored or wheezing breathing, a sign of possible pneumonia. Gastrointestinal symptoms of canine distemper The digestive form of distemper is frequently encountered in practice. Owners complain that their pet is vomiting, often in an advanced state of dehydration. Diarrhea, sometimes bloody, is another common symptom that can lead to fluid and electrolyte loss. In this case, differential diagnosis with parvovirus, another viral disease affecting the same age range, is necessary. Neurological symptoms of canine distemper Canine distemper can also spread to the nervous system, causing concerning central symptoms. Dogs may become confused, disoriented, or exhibit behavioral changes, such as aggression or extreme lethargy. Seizures are another sign of central nervous system involvement. They can range from mild tremors to severe epileptic fits. Dogs may show uncoordinated movements or lameness, indicating cerebellar involvement. Partial paralysis can occur in advanced stages of the disease. In dogs that survive the neurological form, some repetitive tics may persist for the rest of their lives. Cutaneous symptoms of canine distemper Cutaneous symptoms in canine distemper often go unnoticed or are underdiagnosed, given the rest of the clinical picture. The appearance of skin rashes or pustules and thickening of the skin on the nose and paws, called hyperkeratosis, is observed and considered characteristic of chronic infection. Canine distemper (Carre's disease) - diagnosis Diagnosing canine distemper is essential for initiating treatment and preventing the spread of the disease. Due to the wide spectrum of symptoms and similarities with other conditions, diagnosis can be complex and requires a detailed approach. The veterinarian begins by gathering detailed information about the dog's medical history, including any observed symptoms, vaccination history, and possible exposure to unvaccinated dogs. A complete clinical evaluation is necessary to observe physical signs of the disease, such as nasal and ocular discharge, coughing, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and neurological symptoms. Thoracic radiography can be used to assess lung status and detect any signs of pneumonia. Confirmation of the diagnosis is made with the help of laboratory tests: Serological tests (ELISA and immunofluorescence tests) can detect the presence of specific antibodies against the virus, indicating a current or recurrent infection, and the presence of viral antigen in cells collected from ocular, nasal secretions or other tissues; The PCR test is a highly sensitive molecular test that can detect the genetic material of the Canine Distemper Virus in blood samples, cerebrospinal fluid, nasal secretions, or other tissues. It is one of the most accurate tests for diagnosing acute infection; Hematological tests: a complete blood count may show non-specific changes such as leukopenia, indicating a severe viral infection. Serum biochemistry may reveal abnormalities in liver or kidney function if they are affected by the disease; Examination of cerebrospinal fluid may reveal meningeal inflammation or the presence of specific antibodies. Differential diagnosis in canine distemper Due to the similarity of symptoms with those found in other diseases, it is important to exclude other conditions that may evolve with similar signs, such as: Parvovirus: can cause severe diarrhea and vomiting, but mainly affects young unvaccinated dogs and can be differentiated by specific parvovirus tests; Canine infectious hepatitis: can cause respiratory and hepatic symptoms and is diagnosed by specific serological tests; Kennel cough: a contagious respiratory condition that can cause coughing and nasal discharge, but without the systemic and neurological symptoms of canine distemper. Treatment options for canine distemper Canine distemper is a serious viral disease that requires a complex approach to treatment, as there is no specific antiviral treatment for the virus that causes it. There is no need to think about various remedies for distemper – cauterizing dogs' muzzles was once practiced in rural areas as a "treatment," but it is a barbaric practice, extremely painful and without any benefit. Treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms, preventing secondary infections, and generally supporting the affected dog's health. Supportive care: intravenous fluid administration is essential to combat dehydration caused by vomiting and diarrhea. Fluids help maintain electrolyte balance and prevent shock; Nutrition: nutritional support is crucial. Dogs may require parenteral nutrition or nutritional supplements if they cannot eat on their own. Nutrient-rich, easily digestible diets are recommended; discover veterinary diets for dogs and experiment until you find a solution that pleases your pet; Symptom control medications: antipyretic medications (to reduce fever) can be administered to control the dog's body temperature. Antiemetics are used to reduce vomiting. Antidiarrheals are used in cases of severe diarrhea. Antibiotics for distemper are used to prevent secondary bacterial infections, but they are not, strictly speaking, a treatment for canine distemper, as antibiotics do not treat viral infections; Antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs: although there is no specific antiviral for canine distemper, some antiviral drugs (such as ribavirin) have been used experimentally. In addition, immunomodulators can be used to stimulate the dog's immune system; Treatment for neurological symptoms: in cases of seizures, anticonvulsant medications (such as phenobarbital or diazepam) are essential for controlling seizures and reducing the risk of injury; Anti-inflammatory drugs: corticosteroids (such as prednisolone) can be used to reduce cerebral inflammation in severe cases of neurological involvement, although their use must be carefully monitored due to potential side effects and impact on the immune system. Palliative care and comfort: in cases where the prognosis is extremely guarded, palliative care may be considered to ensure the dog's comfort. This may include analgesics for pain control and emotional support for the animal and owner. How long does a dog with distemper live? Veterinarians are often asked by owners how long a dog with distemper lives. The prognosis varies significantly and depends on several factors, including the stage of the disease, the severity of symptoms, the response to treatment, and the dog's overall health condition. Canine distemper is a severe viral infection, and the prognosis can be guarded, especially in severe cases. If the disease is diagnosed and treated at an early stage, the dog has a greater chance of recovery. In advanced stages, when the virus has already affected the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and/or nervous systems, the prognosis is less favorable. Dogs that respond well to supportive treatment, including intravenous fluids, antibiotics for secondary infections, and anticonvulsants for neurological symptoms, have a higher chance of survival. Young dogs and those with compromised immune systems are more vulnerable and have a higher risk of severe complications. Healthy adult dogs have a better ability to fight the infection. Dogs that receive appropriate treatment and recover can live a normal life, although they may have long-term sequelae, especially neurological ones. Preventing canine distemper Canine distemper can be effectively prevented through a combination of vaccination, hygiene, and management measures. Vaccination Puppies should be vaccinated for canine distemper at 6-8 weeks of age, with boosters every 3-4 weeks until 16-20 weeks of age. After the initial series of vaccinations, dogs should receive annual boosters or as recommended by the veterinarian. Some vaccines offer longer protection and can be administered every 3 years. Most canine distemper vaccines are part of combined vaccines (DHPP or DAPP), which also protect against canine infectious hepatitis, parvovirus, and parainfluenza. Hygiene and management measures Avoid contact of unvaccinated or partially vaccinated dogs with unknown or potentially infected dogs, especially in parks, dog playgrounds, kennels, and other public places. Regularly disinfect surfaces, equipment, and areas where dogs stay. Effective disinfectants for distemper include chlorine solutions, quaternary ammonium, and other common disinfectants. Wash your hands after handling dogs and contaminated equipment to prevent the spread of the virus. Management of exposed or infected dogs Dogs suspected of distemper infection must be immediately isolated from other dogs to prevent the spread of the disease. New dogs or dogs that have been in contact with unknown animals should be quarantined for a period before being introduced into the community. Canine distemper, or distemper as this severe viral disease is also known, can be prevented through correct vaccination and adherence to basic hygiene rules. The disease has a severe course in most cases, and specialized care can save the dog or, at worst, alleviate its suffering. The prognosis of the disease is highly variable and entirely dependent on individual immunity.Photo credits: Shutterstock, Shutterstock, Shutterstock, Shutterstock. Sources: https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/respiratory/distemper-in-dogs https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/pet-owners/petcare/canine-distemper#:~:text=Canine%20distemper%20is%20a%20contagious,at%20risk%20of%20canine%20distemper https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/distemper-in-dogs/

Intestinal parasites are a common problem in cats, with a high incidence that varies depending on the cat's living environment. Parasites can be protozoan, single-celled organisms or multicellular organisms. They usually cause various symptoms, with a significant secondary effect being a decrease in immunity, making the feline more susceptible to viral and bacterial infections and other diseases. It is important to note that some feline intestinal parasites are capable of infecting humans. Preventive and periodic deworming of cats is the best and simplest measure for both the cat's health and that of its owners. Types of intestinal parasites in cats How can a cat get infected? When is internal deworming necessary for cats? How often should internal deworming be done for cats? Symptoms Antiparasitic treatment Types of internal deworming available for cats What risks do I expose my cat to if I don't deworm it internally? Internal deworming of cats and the risk of zoonoses Prevention Types of intestinal parasites in cats There are many families of intestinal parasites that can infect cats. Depending on the category, these are roundworms, tapeworms, hookworms, or whipworms, and protozoa. Roundworms (Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara cati) are the most common intestinal parasite in cats, affecting 25% to 75% of cats. When an owner says their cat has worms, they most likely observed them in the feces and want a treatment for cat roundworms. Adult roundworms are 7-12 centimeters long and live in the cat's intestine, where they attach to the intestinal walls and consume food ingested by the host. Eggs are eliminated through feces. Infection occurs by ingesting eggs or rodents, which are transport hosts. The infection is usually benign, but affected kittens may experience vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, or loss of appetite. If left untreated, infections cause anemia or severe digestive problems. Toxocara can infect humans. Ancylostoma and Uncinaria, or hookworms, are thin worms, about one centimeter long, that live attached to the intestinal mucosa, where they feed on the host's blood. Due to their small size, they are not visible in the feces of infected cats. The infection is long-lasting but rarer than roundworm infection. Adult cats become infected with worm larvae that penetrate their skin or are ingested. The larvae migrate to the lungs and then to the intestines, where they develop into adult worms. Infection causes diarrhea and weight loss, and severe parasitism can lead to severe anemia. In these cases, the cat's feces may be black and dark due to the presence of digested blood. The infection is easy to diagnose and treat. Larvae can contaminate humans. Tapeworms (cestodes) have a long, flat body that resembles a ribbon. Adult tapeworms (or flatworms in cats) live in the small intestine, with their head firmly embedded in the intestinal lining, absorbing nutrients consumed by the host. Infection with flatworms in cats occurs by ingesting infected fleas or by consuming rodents. Some species of tapeworms that infect cats can also cause illness in humans. Stomach worms (Ollanulus tricuspis and Physaloptera) live in the cat's stomach and are most common in spayed cats or those living in large, crowded communities. Worms can be contracted by ingesting crickets or cockroaches or from rodents. Infection causes chronic vomiting and lack of appetite, along with weight loss and malnutrition, although there are also cats that show no signs of illness. Isospora are microscopic single-celled organisms that cause coccidiosis. The infection is very common and, most often, does not cause problems in adult cats, but it can cause significant illness in kittens. Feline Isospora does not affect humans. The parasite Giardia (Lamblia) belongs to the protozoan family, being a single-celled organism that moves with the help of whip-like tails and parasitizes the small intestine. Giardia infection, called giardiasis, is quite rare in cats, but is more common in households with multiple cats. Giardia cysts are very resistant to freezing and municipal water chlorination. Symptoms of infection can include acute or chronic diarrhea, although most Giardia-infected cats show no signs. It is not certain whether the Giardia species that infect cats are contagious to humans or vice versa, although recent studies suggest the possibility of transmission from cat to human and vice versa. Treatment for Giardia in cats is rarely necessary. Cats are the definitive host for the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Infection with this single-celled parasite is quite common but rarely causes illness in cats. Cats can become infected by eating raw meat. Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted to humans, but most healthy people infected with this organism show no signs of illness; exceptions are those with compromised immunity and pregnant women, both categories being very vulnerable to this infection. How can a cat get infected? The way cats get contaminated with worms varies from one type of intestinal parasite to another. It is certain that cats that stay indoors are less exposed, but even for them, the risk of contracting feline parasites exists. The most exposed are cats that regularly go outside and wander in areas frequented by other cats or animals. Raw meat, flies, and cockroaches are other ways that can lead to infection with cat worms, including those that stay only indoors. Their predatory skills will lead them to catch insects, some of which are carriers of parasites. In this context, antiparasitic treatment for cats becomes necessary for all felines, regardless of their living environment. Felines that hunt mice are very prone to infections with feline intestinal worms. Another source of infection is shared litter boxes used by multiple cats. Fleas can transmit intestinal parasite infections, as they are hosts for eggs and larvae. In this context, internal and external deworming in cats should be performed simultaneously to prevent and limit reinfestation. Even cats that stay indoors can become contaminated with parasites brought from outside on shoe soles. One of a cat's habits is to roll around, and eggs or larvae can cling to the cat's fur, which it will then ingest when grooming itself. The presence of a dog that regularly goes outside, in a house where there is a cat, will increase the risk of the cat becoming infected. In this situation, it is important that the cat's internal deworming schedule is harmonized with that of the dog. When is internal deworming necessary for cats? Administering deworming pills for cats (or other medications for cat worms) is necessary in a multitude of situations, including: The cat shows signs of internal parasite infection (diarrhea, vomiting, slow growth, bloating, etc.); deworming will be done after identifying the types of worms in cats, for maximum efficacy of the curative treatment; The cat has been exposed to contact with other parasitic cats or animals; The cat is pregnant or lactating. In this case, cat worm treatment is administered only on the recommendation of the veterinarian and only with the products indicated by them. How often should internal deworming be done for cats? The interval for internal deworming in cats varies depending on several factors. The general recommendation for owners is to consider administering worm pills for cats as follows: Every 3 months, for cats that have outdoor access, where they can come into contact with parasites through the environment. This frequency is also suitable for indoor cats living with a dog or for cats in households where there is a pregnant woman, a baby, or an immunosuppressed person; Every 6 months, for cats that live exclusively indoors. Any pet implies a higher level of responsibility, from providing the necessary food to regular veterinary assistance. Find out what cat care involves, so that they can have a long and happy life! Symptoms Low-intensity intestinal parasite infections (worms or protozoa) may not produce clinical signs in adult cats. However, feline intestinal parasites do not disappear on their own, and in most cases, the infection intensifies over time. A certain degree of infestation will lead to the appearance of symptoms. Regardless of the type of intestinal parasite, common signs of infection include: Weight loss – is one of the common signs of illness. Although the cat's appetite is normal, it visibly loses weight. This is accompanied by a swollen, soft, full-looking stomach; Repeated vomiting is another symptom. Cats vomit relatively frequently, but when these vomits occur often and contain partially digested food, it can be a symptom of intestinal parasite infection; Coat condition changes – if, normally, the cat's coat is soft and shiny, in the case of parasite infection, it becomes rough and dull. In some cases, the cat may experience abundant hair loss, as well as some skin irritations; Diarrhea – soft stools, with a semi-liquid or fragmented consistency, and the presence of mucus or traces of blood are signs of parasites. Protozoan infection produces bloody or hard stools, very dark in color, due to intestinal bleeding; Parasites are visible in the cat's stool and also around the anus or, possibly, in the litter box. Given that intestinal worms vary in size, some of them being very small, it is possible that they may not be noticeable, but a laboratory test will detect them. Some worms are long and can reach up to 10 centimeters in length, are always white, and sometimes are visible in the cat's feces. It is unlikely that whole worms can be identified, but sections of them, in the form of white threads or small, white grains, may appear; Unusual behavior is an accumulation. The cat is lethargic, does not play, lacks energy and is indifferent to things that usually caught its attention. Another unusual behavior is that it drags its bottom, because intestinal worms almost always cause irritation in the anal area; Anemia is another symptom that can be confirmed by laboratory tests, but can also be indicated by the pale color of the cat's gums. Anemia occurs especially in cases of protozoan infection; Given that parasites, regardless of their type, migrate from the stomach and intestine to other organs, the cat may also have a persistent cough, especially in cases of severe, chronic infestations. In all these cases, the little feline must be taken to the veterinarian, because otherwise, the general condition will worsen. The doctor can accurately determine the type or types of intestinal parasites. Concomitant infections with multiple types of worms are possible. Parasitic infections are just one of the problems that can affect a cat's general health. Discuss cat supplements with your veterinarian; depending on their ingredients, these can provide an important intake of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and probiotics that support the feline's health and immunity. Antiparasitic treatment Intestinal worms and protozoa are treatable. However, it is important that the type of parasites and the degree of infection are correctly identified before advanced stages of infestation appear. The veterinarian can prescribe the appropriate deworming medication (anthelmintic), along with a suitable administration protocol for antiparasitics. How much deworming costs for cats depends on several factors, including the product used, its efficacy, the need for repeated administration, the cat's age and weight, etc. Medications have different effects depending on the type of parasite. In the case of tapeworms, they are killed in the intestine and eliminated in fragments. Other medications cause the worms to detach from the intestinal wall and be eliminated in the feces. In some cases, the therapy kills adult parasites but does not affect their eggs or larvae, so treatment must be repeated at intervals of 3-4 weeks and then every 3-4 months to prevent re-infestation. In some cases, worms migrate to the lungs and/or heart, and therapy is complex and combined: oral and injectable medications, antibiotics, special diets, and diuretics. A cat's diet is essential for maintaining and restoring health. There are several types of formulas specially designed for various diseases: diabetes, kidney failure, heart problems, etc. Discover veterinary diets for cats and their benefits! Pills for intestinal parasites in cats should only be administered with a veterinarian's recommendation, given that the therapy is complex and often needs to be repeated to cure the cat. Moreover, deworming of young cats and internal deworming of kittens should only be done under veterinary guidance. Internal deworming of cats can also be done preventatively. For kittens, the initial treatment is given at three weeks of age, then repeated at intervals indicated by the veterinarian. Generally, an annual deworming protocol is applied, as well as a preventative one. If you have multiple pets, it is recommended that they all be dewormed during the same period. Types of internal deworming available for cats Internal deworming of cats can be done with a variety of products containing either a single active substance or a combination of active substances. Normally, the choice of deworming product is made after fecal examinations identify the species of parasites present. However, if the cat has outdoor access or is infested with fleas, the veterinarian may prescribe a product with broad coverage against multiple parasite species. The form of administration also differs. There are internal deworming pills, but there are also effective pills for both internal and external deworming simultaneously. Some of these tablets are chewable, which means they taste good, so there is a higher probability that the cat will take them on its own. For very fussy cats, there is also the option of pipettes for internal and external deworming. It should be noted that most of these are not effective against all common feline parasite species; therefore, their use should be alternated with the administration of other products. Deworming kittens Deworming kittens is necessary but must take into account a series of precautions related to their low weight and age. If you're wondering at what age kittens should be dewormed, there are specially designed products that can be administered starting from 3 months of age. Subsequently, the veterinarian will recommend a treatment plan, depending on the living environment of the mother cat and kittens, the age of vaccine administration, the mother's status, etc. What risks do I expose my cat to if I don't deworm it internally? Some owners are concerned about potential adverse reactions to cat deworming and ask the veterinarian about internal deworming in cats and its side effects. This treatment is considered safe as long as it is performed correctly and customized for each case. Adverse reactions are rare, minor, and resolve on their own, the most frequent being diarrhea in cats after deworming, due to the elimination of dead worms. Internal deworming of cats and the risk of zoonoses Internal deworming of cats is necessary not only for the feline's health but also for the health of the family it lives with. Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Many feline internal parasites can cause zoonoses with serious implications. Toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, coccidiosis, ascariasis, and taeniasis are among the most common zoonoses transmissible from an undewormed cat to humans. The prevention of zoonoses is achieved in two ways: the first is the regular deworming of cats, every 3-6 months or according to the schedule recommended by the veterinarian. Maintaining strict hygiene is equally important, but it is good to be aware that, when living with a cat in an apartment, it is impossible to prevent the transmission of parasitic elements exclusively by observing hygiene measures. Prevention There are various preventive measures for intestinal parasite infection in cats. Prevention begins with initial treatment, which should be given to all kittens at three weeks of age, for preventive or therapeutic purposes, in case the kittens have contracted parasites from their mother. The larvae of these worms are very easily transmitted from the mother, transplacentally or through breastfeeding. Another preventive measure is the treatment of lactating cats, for preventive or therapeutic purposes. Monthly preventive medications are administered year-round to cats whose behavior predisposes them to a high risk of infestation (cats that constantly roam or hunt rodents). In addition, feline fecal examinations can be performed 2-3 times a year if their lifestyle involves high vulnerability. Indoor cats are less exposed to the risk of parasite infection, but even for them, periodic deworming is beneficial. Daily collection of feces from the litter box and outdoors, maintaining sanitary and hygienic conditions in the house, and avoiding exposing the cat to potentially contaminated places are necessary. The litter sand should be completely changed at least every three weeks, regardless of the type of litter used, and the litter box should be cleaned and disinfected before putting in new sand. An effective measure is to prevent flea infestation, as fleas are vectors of intestinal parasites. The cat is a beloved, easy-to-care-for companion that brings much joy to people. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the small feline from diseases and parasites to ensure a long and happy life. Photo source: Shutterstock, Shutterstock, Shutterstock LATEST POSTS

Gingivitis is an inflammation of your cat's gums. The condition is a common health problem, affecting up to 85% of felines aged up to 4 years old. Although often ignored by owners due to its rather subtle accompanying symptoms, gingivitis can have serious consequences for the cat's general health. Below, you can discover a detailed overview of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this condition. Gingivitis in cats: causes Gingivitis in cats: symptoms Gingivitis in cats: diagnosis Gingivitis in cats: treatment options Gingivitis in cats: management recommendations for owners Gingivitis in cats: prevention Gingivitis in cats: causes When it comes to gingivitis in cats, there are several possible causes for this condition: Lack of oral hygiene: Lack of regular tooth brushing and oral hygiene can lead to the accumulation of bacterial plaque and tartar, considered the primary cause of gingivitis, just as in humans. Bacterial plaque is an adherent, transparent film that forms on the tooth surface and is rich in bacteria that can cause gum inflammation. When not removed in time, minerals are deposited on the bacterial plaque, forming tartar; often, this is located at the junction between the tooth and the gum, causing gum recession, periodontal disease, and, ultimately, tooth loss in cats; Improper diet: a diet rich in sugars or refined carbohydrates can promote the proliferation of bacteria in the oral cavity and contribute to the formation of bacterial plaque, with all its harmful effects on the cat's teeth. Also, a diet where the cat primarily receives wet food favors the appearance of tartar; Chronic diseases: certain chronic diseases such as diabetes or kidney conditions can increase the risk of gingivitis in cats; Autoimmune diseases: some autoimmune diseases in cats can cause persistent inflammation of the gums; Feline leukemia virus (FeLV): this is a viral infection that, along with other symptoms, can also present with persistent gingivitis. If your cat shows worrying symptoms, the opinion of a veterinarian is irreplaceable. Ask the veterinarian about the signs that concern you, to determine the urgency of the situation and benefit from appropriate treatment as quickly as possible! Gingivitis in cats: symptoms Similar to other oral diseases in cats, gingivitis develops with suggestive local symptoms: Red, swollen, bleeding gums: the appearance of the cat's gums, especially in the area immediately around the teeth, is particularly suggestive when discussing gingivitis. Gum bleeding can occur spontaneously or after eating dry food or other hard foods; Bad breath: halitosis (bad breath) is a common symptom of gingivitis and frequently occurs in cats, especially in the absence of oral hygiene. The bacteria that make up plaque produce volatile compounds with an unpleasant odor, which can be easily detected by simply approaching the opened mouth (the cat's dentition); Tartar deposits on teeth: the accumulation of tartar, a hard, yellowish-brown substance, on the tooth surface is one of the major factors contributing to gingivitis. Tartar promotes bacterial proliferation and exacerbates gum inflammation; Difficulty chewing: a cat with gingivitis may experience pain or discomfort when chewing, showing a preference for soft foods or completely refusing to chew if given dry food; Excessive salivation: excessive salivation, medically termed sialorrhea, can often be observed in cats with gingivitis, even if its manifestations are more subtle than in dogs. The saliva can be frothy or clear; Loss of appetite: the pain associated with gingivitis in cats can lead to decreased appetite and cause the feline to lose weight; Other signs: the cat may show signs of agitation and nervousness, rubbing its cheeks against various objects, or difficulty grasping food. Nutrition is one of the most important factors to consider when it comes to your cat's health. There is a wide range of veterinary diets, recommended in various situations and for different age groups; see what suits your cat and discuss your veterinarian's recommendations! Gingivitis in cats: diagnosis The diagnosis of gingivitis in cats can be suspected by the owner through simple observation of the gums' appearance, but it requires confirmation from a veterinarian, who will also identify the causes of the disease and the optimal treatment. The veterinarian will initially perform a clinical inspection of the feline's oral cavity to carefully visualize the gums and teeth. They will palpate the gums to assess their sensitivity and degree of inflammation, and probe the space between the gum and the tooth to determine the depth of periodontal pockets. In some cases, the examination may include dental X-rays to evaluate the condition of the alveolar bone. Gingivitis in cats: treatment options Treatment for gingivitis in cats depends on several important factors: the causes of gingivitis, the cat's age, any underlying conditions, and other specifics you will discuss with your veterinarian. The severity of symptoms is also a factor to consider when establishing a treatment protocol. Treatment of early-stage gingivitis In mild cases of gingivitis, the veterinarian will primarily recommend professional scaling under general anesthesia to remove bacterial plaque and tartar from the tooth surface. The owner will receive recommendations to follow at home. Treatment of severe gingivitis In severe cases of gingivitis, dental X-rays are mandatory. This way, the doctor can decide in favor of extracting severely affected teeth that can no longer be saved. After the procedure, the cat will be treated with antibiotics to prevent severe bacterial infections and with anti-inflammatories to reduce local pain and control gum inflammation. In the long term, the owner will receive recommendations for supporting oral health. Gingivitis in cats: management recommendations for owners The owner plays an essential role in managing their cat's gingivitis. There are several directions the veterinarian will consider when making recommendations regarding gingivitis treatment. Oral hygiene is extremely important for a cat with gingivitis. The diet must be adapted to its specific needs, also considering any other health problems. Post-intervention treatment must be strictly followed to ensure complete healing and avoid bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Immediately after tooth extractions, the veterinarian may recommend feeding the cat predominantly wet food to protect it from the effort of chewing. When, what, and how much should a cat eat? Recommendations vary depending on numerous aspects: the cat's age, its physiological state, any existing conditions, its breed, its activity level, and so on. Here are some general recommendations about a healthy cat's diet; for personalized advice, contact your veterinarian! Gingivitis in cats: prevention Any doctor will tell you that it is simpler to prevent than to treat, and a veterinarian is no exception. Preventing gingivitis in cats is likely to ensure a longer and healthier life for felines. Cleaning your cat's teeth Cleaning your cat's teeth, in other words, oral hygiene, is essential for healthy gums and teeth. Tooth brushing should be performed regularly, at least 2-3 times a week, using a toothbrush and toothpaste specifically designed for cats. Although many cats are initially reluctant, the good taste of the toothpaste, the owner's gentleness and perseverance, and positive conditioning with tasty rewards at the end of the procedure will tame them. The use of antibacterial or antiseptic solutions can help reduce the number of bacteria in the oral cavity and maintain gum health. However, it is important to note that any such initiative must be discussed with the veterinarian, who is the only one qualified to offer personalized advice. Under no circumstances should oral hygiene products intended for humans be used on cats! Cat's diet Diet plays an important role in preventing tartar in cats. High-quality dry food can help mechanically clean teeth as the cat chews. It is recommended to choose a dry food with small, hard kibbles specifically designed to maintain oral health. It is equally important to avoid sticky foods, such as sweets or various table scraps, which can promote plaque accumulation. Regular veterinary check-ups A responsible owner will schedule regular veterinary check-ups, every 6-12 months, to monitor the health of the cat's teeth. It is important that you also monitor the condition of your cat's gums and contact the veterinarian as soon as you notice signs of inflammation, bleeding, or bad breath. In many cases, a cat's lifespan depends on how well the owner has cared for it. Each stage of a cat's life is full of specific challenges, and the needs of an adolescent cat differ greatly from those of a senior. Find out the main stages of a cat's life and what you need to pay attention to in each of them! Other recommendations The cat should always have at least one source of fresh water available to stay properly hydrated. Additionally, water helps rinse the oral cavity and remove food debris. It is desirable for the water source to be placed away from the food bowl. The cat needs a clean living environment, which can help reduce exposure to bacteria that can contribute to gingivitis. Furthermore, the veterinarian can provide additional recommendations, which we encourage you to follow completely, as they are tailored to your cat's specific needs. Gingivitis in cats is an apparently minor health problem, but it can have a significant impact on the feline's quality of life. Correct oral hygiene, an adequate diet, and the support of a veterinarian are the little secrets that will help you have a healthy and happy cat! Bibliography: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-dental-disease https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/mouth/gingivitis-in-cats https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/gingivitis-and-stomatitis-in-cats https://www.webmd.com/pets/cats/what-to-know-about-gingivitis-in-cats Photo sources: Shutterstock, Shutterstock.

Whether you've recently adopted a dog, plan to do so, or have owned dogs your whole life, one of the most important decisions regarding your pet's health is related to spaying or neutering. Below, we invite you to discover the recommendations of specialists, why this surgery is important for your dog's overall health, when such an intervention should be performed, and what it entails. Additionally, we've prepared a brief guide on how to care for your furry friend during the post-operative period to ensure a quick recovery. Differences between spaying and neutering dogs At what age is spaying or neutering recommended for dogs? How to prepare your pet for spaying or neutering Risks of not spaying/neutering dogs Impact of spaying/neutering on dog behavior Why is it important to control the dog population through sterilization? Importance of a vet visit before spaying/neutering Recommended diet for spayed/neutered dogs Recommended activities during the recovery period How to prevent complications and maintain dog health after spaying/neutering Legislation on dog sterilization in Romania Myths about spaying and neutering Differences between spaying and neutering dogs Spaying refers to the removal of reproductive organs in females, while neutering is the term for the procedure applied to males. Both operations involve a minimal hospitalization period, are performed under general anesthesia, and normally carry no risks. The only potential problems are related to the post-operative period, but if you follow the doctors' recommendations and care for your furry friend, you will help them recover quickly. Neutering a dog Neutering involves the removal of the testicles (and associated structures). This procedure, as with females, will make reproduction impossible and eliminate behavior associated with periods of intense hormonal activity. Remember, however, that it always depends on the age and specific characteristics of each individual, so post-operative manifestations are not the same for all dogs. There is also an alternative procedure, vasectomy, but it is not frequently practiced. Spaying a female dog Spaying is the surgical procedure by which the veterinarian removes the reproductive organs, so the female can no longer become pregnant and no longer goes into heat because she no longer has menstruation. Normally, the typical sexual behavior for each breed disappears, but this is not always the case. Like cat spaying, the procedure can be done in two ways, both operations being equally safe and effective: Ovariohysterectomy – removal of the uterus and ovaries; Ovariectomy – only the ovaries are removed. At what age is spaying or neutering recommended for dogs? The classic age for spaying or neutering a dog is between 4 and 6 months, but there are several factors that the veterinarian will consider, such as breed, when recommending such an intervention. Large breeds, such as the Presa Canario, tend to mature sexually later than smaller ones. Also, the environment in which the animals grow is important. For example, consider a male and female who are siblings, the same age, and live in the same house. In this situation, the surgery should take place as early as possible, before the female enters heat for the first time. On the other hand, if there is only one puppy in the house, there is no rush. Spaying and neutering are recommended primarily to reduce the number of unwanted puppies, but these interventions also bring many benefits for your furry friend's health and can reduce behavioral problems, according to specialists from the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). Spaying/neutering dogs does not change their personality or temperament; this is just a myth. Regardless of whether your furry friend undergoes an early or late spaying/neutering procedure, ensure harmonious development and robust health with the help of veterinary supplements; your doctor can provide detailed recommendations on the appropriate options for him! At what age do female dogs have their first heat? Most veterinarians recommend spaying before the female dog goes into heat for the first time. If you're wondering at what age female dogs have their cycle, the timing varies, but it usually happens between 5-10 months of age. Spaying dogs before their first heat reduces the risk of mammary cancer. Also, spaying can prevent the occurrence of pyometra, a serious uterine infection, frequently found in unspayed and unmated females. At the same time, spaying female dogs is the most effective method to avoid unwanted pregnancies or false pregnancies, which can lead to behavioral problems and the development of medical conditions. For small dogs, such as those of the Shih Tzu breed, early intervention, around 5 months of age, is the best choice. Male dogs in heat There is no specific "heat period" for male dogs; they respond to signals transmitted by available females and can travel long distances to meet them. If we talk about a male dog in heat, the manifestations are not very clear and can vary greatly; most of them are agitated, try to run away from home in search of a female: once identified, they follow her and are willing to engage in conflicts with other males to win her over. How to prepare your pet for spaying or neutering Your pet will sense if you are agitated or worried. The first thing you should do before surgery is to remain calm and make them feel comfortable, confident that nothing bad will happen to them. Then, at least 12 hours before the intervention, make sure your pet doesn't eat anything. They are allowed to drink, but not on the morning of the scheduled day. Also, the veterinarian will examine them before the surgery and will request blood tests and other medical examinations to ensure the animal is healthy and can tolerate the operation well, without risks. Risks of not spaying/neutering dogs Many owners ask questions about the recovery period after dog neutering or worry about the cost of neutering a dog, but too few of them consider the risks of not sterilizing their furry companion. When male dogs are neutered, the veterinarian protects your friend from accidents caused by running away from home, fights with other male dogs, and the stress and agitation generated by perceiving a female in heat. Early sterilization also protects the male dog against sexually transmitted infections, penile tumors, and prostate cancer. Spaying female dogs has the primary and obvious advantage of stopping unwanted reproduction of mixed-breed dogs. But spaying females also has other advantages related to their health and longevity: after spaying, females no longer have a cycle, so they no longer soil the house; the risk of pyometra is completely eliminated if an ovariohysterectomy is performed on female dogs. In addition, spaying female puppies before their first heat cycle is associated with a drastic reduction in the risk of mammary cancer. Ignoring these benefits of owning a spayed dog means exposing your furry friend to the risk of cancer, fatal infections, or dangerous accidents. Impact of spaying/neutering on dog behavior Photo source: Shutterstock Among the most frequent questions owners ask before deciding in favor of dog neutering surgery is this: what does dog neutering mean from the perspective of their behavior? At what age are dogs sterilized so that the surgery has no impact on their behavior? At what age dogs are neutered has no importance from a behavioral point of view; some specialists believe that juvenile neutering in males improves social relations between them and other dogs, but this hypothesis is not always confirmed. Neutering should not be seen as a remedy for aggression; it must be controlled through training. A neutered dog is just as cheerful and playful as an unneutered one. At what age male dogs are neutered will not influence their tendency to guard property or their responsiveness to training. Spaying/neutering animals does not alter their personality in any way. The only change that can be observed when a female dog is spayed or a male dog is neutered is a lack of interest in reproductive activities. The animals no longer tend to run away from home, are no longer distracted by the pheromones of other dogs in heat, and exhibit less agitation related to sexual behaviors. Why is it important to control the dog population through sterilization? Owners often worry about infections after dog sterilization, are concerned about the recovery period after spaying a female dog, or about possible adverse reactions to dog anesthesia. All these risks are minimal in the office of a competent veterinarian, however, the major benefit of spaying/neutering (dog population control) cannot be achieved by any other method. A female dog can give birth to between 4 and 8 or even 12 puppies in one litter and can have two litters per year. In turn, her puppies can start having their own puppies at just 8 months old. A quick calculation shows that the rate at which the dog population grows is much higher than the actual possibilities for adoption, which means that more and more stray dogs end up on the streets, exposed to cold, hunger, disease, and accidents. In this context, what does dog sterilization mean? It is synonymous with giving existing dogs a chance for adoption and reducing the number of stray dogs, a common desire for both animal lovers and those less fond of animals. Importance of a vet visit before spaying/neutering Complications after dog sterilization can often be avoided with the help of a pre-operative medical consultation. Before neutering male or female dogs, it is advisable to schedule a complete medical evaluation of your pet. During this consultation, the veterinarian will be able to assess the dog's clinical health, request more information about its medical history, and collect a small blood sample to evaluate kidney and liver function, to ensure there are no problems related to anesthesia. Also, during this consultation, the doctor will have time to answer any questions you may have - for example, how long it takes for a dog to recover after anesthesia, how long after giving birth a female dog can be sterilized, when a female dog is sterilized depending on age or heat cycle, how much it costs to sterilize a dog, how long spaying takes for female dogs, and so on. The information provided by the doctor will attempt to describe as realistically as possible what to expect when female or male dogs are neutered, what caring for the dog after surgery entails, what the behavior of dogs after anesthesia is, depending on its type, so that you are not taken by surprise by certain absolutely normal reactions. Recommended diet for spayed/neutered dogs The dog's food after sterilization is a very important aspect when we refer to its long-term health. The veterinarian will provide you with complete and personalized information regarding this aspect. In the first few days after the intervention, it is advisable for the convalescing pet to receive wet food or a combination of wet and dry food, to increase hydration and prevent constipation. Subsequently, food specifically designed for sterilized animals and the age range to which the dog belongs is the best solution for adequate nutritional intake. The dog's diet after sterilization should be discussed with the veterinarian. Discover our range of veterinary diets designed for specific situations, health problems, physiological states, and even dog breeds. The doctor who best knows the particularities and history of your furry friend can make a personalized recommendation and monitor his progress with the proposed diet; keep in close contact with him! Recommended activities during the recovery period A dog's recovery after spaying/neutering surgery is rapid. However, in the first few days after the operation, it is desirable for the pet to engage in activities that do not involve a high level of physical exertion. You can go for walks, play attention and concentration games, repeat basic training commands, but avoid jumping, running, or off-leash walking in areas where maintaining wound hygiene is difficult, such as forests. The rapid and proper recovery of your furry friend after spaying or neutering surgery depends heavily on how you care for them. In this regard, specialists from the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) have some recommendations for you: Keep your dog away from other animals – during the recovery period, it is best to keep your dog indoors and avoid contact with other animals; Make sure your pet doesn't exert itself – for at least two weeks, or as recommended by your veterinarian, do not let your dog run or jump on or off the couch, armchairs, or floor; Ensure they cannot lick the incision site – it is very important that the surgical site remains sterile to prevent infection; put an Elizabethan collar on them or use other methods indicated by your veterinarian to prevent your pet from licking the area; Check the incision site daily – to ensure healing is progressing normally, check the incision site every day; if you notice redness, swelling, discharge, or an unpleasant odor, take your dog to the vet immediately; Do not bathe them – for at least 10 days after surgery, it is not recommended to bathe your dog, because contact with water can lead to infections; Watch for certain manifestations – if you see that your pet is not feeling well, is lethargic, has no appetite, is vomiting, or has diarrhea, contact the veterinarian; Painkillers, only on the vet's recommendation – painkillers may or may not be necessary, so it is best to establish a treatment plan with your veterinarian; Observe signs that your pet is well – if you see that they are lively and eating normally, most likely your dog is fine; however, do not let them become too agitated until recovery is complete; offer special food – especially for females, it is important to offer the puppy food that is easier to digest (neutering is less invasive than spaying); therefore, provide them with wet food or pureed food. How to prevent complications and maintain dog health after neutering? Spaying or neutering are common surgeries and generally do not involve major risks. Complications can, however, arise due to other pre-existing conditions or due to general anesthesia. Therefore, before the surgery, make sure your pet undergoes thorough medical examinations, from blood tests to tests for allergies to certain substances contained in the serum used for anesthesia. All these are important to see if the general state of health is suitable for the intervention. If certain liver, kidney, or heart problems are detected, it is recommended that these be resolved first and only then proceed with the surgery. Also, research the clinic where the procedure will be performed, the operating doctors, and inform yourself about the postoperative period, so you know exactly what to expect and how to act correctly. Legislation regarding dog sterilization in Romania In Romania, legislation regarding dog sterilization has been subject to several changes and updates over time, in an attempt to manage the problem of stray dog overpopulation and reduce the number of abandoned animals. Here is an overview of the relevant legislation: Law no. 9/2008 on animal protection: This law establishes the obligation to sterilize stray animals but does not provide specific details on how this should be implemented. Emergency Ordinance no. 155/2001: This ordinance regulates how local authorities can manage the stray dog population, including through sterilization and other measures. Emergency Ordinance no. 155/2001, amended and supplemented by Law no. 258/2013: These normative acts bring amendments and clarifications regarding the responsibilities of local authorities concerning the management of stray dogs and companion animals in general. Government Decision no. 1559/2003 regarding the approval of the methodological norms for the application of Government Emergency Ordinance no. 155/2001: This government decision provides practical details on how local authorities should manage the problem of stray dogs, including through sterilization. In addition, some municipalities and counties have adopted specific local regulations, which may include provisions regarding dog sterilization and the management of the stray animal population. Myths about neutering and spaying There are several myths about spaying or neutering dogs, which you should be aware of so as not to be influenced by them. The safest way to find correct information is to consult your veterinarian. If you want to delve deeper into the subject, you can even ask them for recommendations for specialized reading and then ask questions if you have any doubts. Here are some of these myths: the dog will gain weight – this is one of the most common pieces of information that specialists say is not true; as long as you offer the right food in the appropriate quantity, the dog has no reason to gain weight; remember that after the surgery, the dog will need 20% less food than before the intervention; at the same time, if it exercises regularly, it can maintain excellent physical shape; therefore, everything depends on how you care for it, not on the spaying or neutering surgery; the surgery will change its personality – the only thing that happens after spaying or neutering surgery is that the pet will no longer mark its territory all over the house and will no longer try to run away from home in search of a partner; otherwise, your friend's personality will not change at all, it will not become more apathetic or more aggressive; spaying or neutering is not healthy – specialists say there is no valid reason to believe this; no scientific study has yet demonstrated that it is absolutely necessary for a female to have at least one litter of puppies to be healthy or that a dog will feel less masculine, especially since it is not aware of its sexual identity or ego. Neutering or spaying is one of the most important decisions you will have to make, primarily for your dog's health and then to avoid certain behavioral problems related to hormonal changes that occur in the pet's life. Remember that it is a simple procedure that does not involve risks, that it is essential to follow the specialists' recommendations and not be influenced by what you hear, read, or see left and right. Photo sources: Shutterstock, Shutterstock. Bibliography: https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/pet-owners/petcare/spaying-and-neutering https://animalleaguewellness.org/responsible-pet-ownership-spayneuter-pet/#:~:text=Both%20terms%20refer%20to%20the,and%20helps%20reduce%20pet%20overpopulation. https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/general-pet-care/spayneuter-your-pet https://www.petmd.com/dog/care/spay-and-neutering-dogs-101-everything-you-need-know https://www.aaha.org/your-pet/pet-owner-education/ask-aaha/spay-or-neuter/ MOST RECENT POSTS

Otitis is a common condition in puppies. It affects the ear and can cause pain, and if left untreated, can lead to serious complications.

Just like humans, cats can reach a point where their weight becomes unhealthy. Usually, their bodies can regulate this, but there are situations where extra pounds are not burned, but accumulate more and more. When action is not taken at the first signs of weight gain, there may be a risk of obesity, a topic we discuss in this guide. How do you know if your cat is overweight or obese What are the causes of feline obesity Which cats are prone to obesity What risks come with obesity What is the right diet for an overweight or obese cat How do you know if your cat is overweight or obese You might realize too late that your cat has gained weight, especially when you see them daily and the pounds accumulate slowly, day by day. There are several stages of overweight, and that's why it's good to occasionally visit the veterinarian for routine check-ups. During these, the veterinarian can assess the cat's weight by actual weighing, but also by determining the fat percentage. A healthy cat should have between 16-25% fat. When the cat's weight exceeds the ideal by 40-50%, meaning it has a fat percentage between 56-65%, we can talk about obesity. However, it is important not to let it get that far and to be able to notice changes in time. For this, you can use the following methods: occasionally, gently palpate the cat's rib cage area, and if you can easily feel its ribs, then the weight may be normal. If you cannot feel its ribs, it is possible that your feline friend is overweight. You can also look for the following signs: When you look at it from above, the cat's waist is not visible and its body does not thin towards the belly, but rather the opposite; You notice that the collar needs to be loosened; Lack of activity, the fact that the cat sleeps more than usual, difficulty walking or starting to breathe harder, all can be effects of being overweight. What are the causes of feline obesity It seems there are not major differences between the causes of obesity in humans and those in cats. Diets rich in fat, overfeeding, excessive eating, lack of exercise, sterilization, and slowing metabolism with age are some of the reasons why your four-legged friend can accumulate extra pounds day by day. Here are more details. Inappropriate diet Of course, one of the main causes of obesity is feeding an inappropriate amount of food according to the cat's breed and weight. Many cats enjoy the luxury of eating whenever they want, always having a full bowl. If, in addition to this food, owners also offer snacks or treats, then extra pounds can become a threat to the feline. Also, the type of food offered is important. Very cheap food can save you money, but, in the long run, it can endanger your pet's health, especially if it is a purebred or requires special food. Low-quality food can contain dyes, numerous artificial flavors and enhancers, which pervert the cat's taste and feeling of satiety. Moreover, approximately 90% of a cat's health problems are due to improper nutrition, and one of the most common is being overweight. One of the most frequent mistakes is mixing several types of food containing nutrients with different effects. It is advisable to choose a good quality food, rich in protein and low in fat and carbohydrates. Lack of movement As a rule, the risk of obesity is higher in indoor cats than in those with a yard. Even if depriving a cat of contact with the outdoors can protect it from various diseases, parasites, accidents, this problem also arises: the absence of physical effort. Therefore, owners must dedicate time for play, at least 30-60 minutes a day, especially when the feline's figure begins to gain proportions. A session where the pet is stimulated to catch certain objects can be beneficial for both you and the feline. Also, to stimulate it throughout the day, you can provide some interactive toys that could capture its attention, awakening its hunting spirit. Which cats are prone to obesity As doctors also claim, some people can gain weight much easier than others. It seems that this tendency also exists among cats, with breed, genetic predispositions, and surgical interventions being factors that influence this aspect. Sterilized cats Several sources claim that sterilized cats are prone to gaining weight because their metabolism changes and becomes slower. Another explanation is that a cat can go into heat 2-3 times a year, for 1-2 weeks. During these periods, the cat eats much less, controls its weight, and loses a few extra pounds per year. Therefore, veterinarians recommend that after the first week after the operation, the cat's diet should be adjusted to prevent the risk of gaining weight. It is very important for a sterilized cat to receive proper nutrition and to be fed specialized food. Thus, it is advisable that after surgery, the small pet receives special food for sterilized cats. This type of food is not a whim, but a necessity, because its characteristics meet the nutritional needs of felines, as follows: contains at most 10% fat and no more than 30% carbohydrates which, by burning, provide the necessary amount of energy for the cat; has a balanced protein content (20-25%); is richer in fiber than normal food. These fibers are especially beneficial for regulating intestinal transit. For example, due to the adjusted content of crude protein (min.) 36%, crude fat (min.) 8% and crude fiber (max.) 7%, Equilibrio Adult Cats light complete food helps counteract excessive weight gain, and the balanced content of nutrients and minerals (proteins, calcium, phosphorus) contributes to harmonious growth. 👉 See the offer for Equilibrio Adult Cats Light dry cat food 👉 See the offer for Integra Protect Diabetic Salmon wet food - Helps prevent diabetes and kidney stones Also, Reflex Plus Adult Cat Sterile with Chicken provides the necessary food for sterilized cats and at the same time, thanks to the complex of proteins and vitamins, Vitamin A, Vitamin D3, Vitamin E, Vitamin C creates a feeling of satiety, a key element when you want to balance your cat's body weight without them feeling drastic changes in their diet. 👉 See the offer for Reflex Plus Adult Cat Sterile with Chicken 15 kg dry cat food Certain breeds Even if there is no detailed study to confirm this hypothesis, the PetMD veterinary community has compiled a list of breeds that tend to gain weight rapidly. This list includes both long-haired cats, whose fluffy fur can hide a fairly significant weight gain that owners notice late: Persian, Birmanese cats, as well as lazier ones, who have a low level of physical activity: Ragamuffin, Peke-Faced, Exotic Shorthair cats. Also, some cat breeds, such as oriental ones, for example the Sphynx cat, can be very greedy and their diet must be well balanced. What risks come with obesity A cat becomes obese when the food it eats, instead of being consumed, turns into fats that are deposited on various organs or areas: liver, arteries, joints. Therefore, among the negative effects that can appear as a result of obesity are: The risk of developing diseases such as: diabetes, hypertension, joint problems, various forms of cancer, heart disease, osteoarthritis, respiratory problems, liver and kidney affections; Weakening of the immune system; Accumulation of fats in the liver can lead to hepatic lipidosis, a disease that can be fatal; Problems caused by excess weight put pressure on the cat's internal organs and joints, creating discomfort; Obesity reduces your cat's mood. An overweight cat finds it difficult to move and play; Possible surgical interventions and medical consultations become more difficult. What is the right diet for an overweight or obese cat Considering the risks, we can also realize why it is important to help the fluffy little one lose extra pounds. By reaching a normal weight, the cat benefits from a much more pleasant and longer life and reduces the risk of developing various conditions: diabetes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, intra-abdominal cancers. Measures must be taken in time and you can start by visiting the veterinarian to establish the degree of obesity of the cat, as well as the effective plan to help your four-legged friend get rid of extra pounds. Here are some recommendations: Give up the tendency to overfeed it. Do not leave food at its discretion. It is important to establish with the veterinarian the exact dose of food you will give the cat, as well as the 3-4 intervals in which to offer meals. As a rule, in diets, it is recommended to provide 70% of the daily caloric needs. This is calculated by a fairly simple formula: 30 x cat's body weight + 70. The result will be divided into 3-4 portions, to establish the amount of food you can offer the feline at each meal; Offer it quality, light food, based on protein and not carbohydrates, especially for overweight cats; 👉 Explore the complete range of veterinary diets for cats Remove daily snacks or treats from your pet's diet (do not give it your food, at most you can give it pieces of boiled and unseasoned meat, but you will need to adjust the portion of kibble and wet food that day); As they age, cats tend to become more sedentary, thus increasing the risk of the cat becoming overweight; for this reason, the diet must be adjusted according to the changes that occur in the metabolism of the small furball; After sterilization or neutering, the cat's caloric needs can decrease by up to 30%. After surgery, it is important to change the cat's diet, respecting the veterinarian's instructions and the advice mentioned above; Last but not least, play with your cat daily, engage it in physical activities that stimulate its need for movement. You can buy special toys or, if space and time permit, adopt another fluffy companion with whom it can play daily. This way, it will lose extra pounds more easily. Obesity is a common problem, especially among indoor cats. Fortunately, with the owner's involvement and the recommendations specified in this guide, the balance can be restored, and your fluffy friend will once again enjoy a healthy and energetic life. Photo source: Shutterstock MOST RECENT POSTS

Gestation is the period of time between mating and fertilization of the egg until birth. The average duration of gestation is about nine weeks (56-62 days). During this time, your cat needs you to provide food, a calm atmosphere, and lots of affection. When can a cat become pregnant - what is the fertility period? Signs that your cat is pregnant - how to tell How is gestation detected in cats? How long does gestation last in cats? What to pay attention to when your cat is pregnant Feeding during pregnancy How many kittens can a cat have How a cat gives birth Possible complications - when to contact the vet How to help a cat during its first birth When can a cat become pregnant - what is the fertility period? Gestation is the period of time between mating and fertilization of the egg until birth. The average duration of gestation is about nine weeks (56-62 days). During this time, your cat needs you to provide food, a calm atmosphere, and lots of affection. Signs that your cat is pregnant - how to tell There are a few tell-tale signs that a cat is pregnant. After 15-18 days from mating, the nipples enlarge and become red. Similar to morning sickness in humans, cats can also experience vomiting. If you notice that these are becoming more frequent and her health seems to be worsening, it's a good idea to consult a veterinarian. Another sign of gestation is the cat's belly, which will swell, and the animal will avoid touching this area, as it could injure the mother or unborn kittens. An swollen abdomen can also indicate a health problem, so it's good to be attentive to other symptoms, in which case it's advisable to consult your vet. During gestation, the future mother will gain approximately 1-2 kg, depending on how many kittens she will have. Also, the cat will have a bigger appetite, especially in the last part of the pregnancy. As mentioned earlier, food cravings or lack thereof can be associated with other problems (e.g., intestinal parasites or other infections), so it's good to contact the vet if other symptoms appear. A final clue indicating a cat's pregnancy is her behavior. The cat will purr more and seek more attention and extra cuddles. If you think your cat is pregnant and want to be sure, you can go to the vet. They can confirm pregnancy 15 days after mating, and after the 40th day of pregnancy, they can also tell you how many kittens to expect. How is gestation detected in cats? Gestation detection in cats can be done through several methods, depending on the stage of gestation and available resources. The first, not very accurate, clues are related to physical and behavioral changes that can occur in a pregnant cat. Pregnant cats eat more than usual, the cat becomes more affectionate or seeks isolated places to rest, the abdomen starts to grow in volume, nipples become pinker and more prominent. ⏩ A pregnant cat needs an adequate intake of nutrients to support all the processes happening in her body during pregnancy, birth, and nursing. Discover a generous offer of dry food for cats, from which you can choose the right formula for your feline! An experienced veterinarian can detect gestation by palpating the cat's abdomen 20-30 days after mating. You should know that they will not perceive the kittens themselves, but rather the enlarged uterine horns, where the kittens are located, each in its amniotic sac. Ultrasound is a safe and effective method for confirming gestation, which can detect the presence of kittens quite early after mating and can also provide information about the number and condition of the kittens. X-rays can also confirm gestation and the number of kittens, especially after day 45 of gestation, when the kittens' skeletons are developed enough to be visible. However, X-rays involve exposure to radiation, which can be harmful to the kittens and is avoided unless absolutely necessary. The blood test for relaxin is a simple and accessible way to detect pregnancy. Relaxin is a hormone produced in the placentas and can be detected starting from 20-25 days of pregnancy. Detection and confirmation of pregnancy by the veterinarian is important for proper management of the cat and optimal care at the time of birth. How long does gestation last in cats? Gestation in cats lasts, on average, between 63 and 65 days, which is approximately 2 months. The exact duration can vary slightly depending on the breed and other factors, between 58 and 70 days. In the first week after mating, fertilization of the ova occurs and zygotes are formed, which travel to the uterus. In the second week, the zygotes begin to grow and implant in the uterine wall. Starting from the sixth week after mating, the cat may begin to show some signs of restlessness and start looking for and preparing her nest. Generally, appetite decreases around the time of birth, when the owner may also observe an intensification of nesting behavior. What to pay attention to when your cat is pregnant? There are many aspects to pay attention to if your cat is pregnant, to ensure you do everything you can to protect her health and that of the future kittens. Proper nutrition is a crucial first step. The cat must receive high-quality food, specially formulated for pregnant cats or kittens, with a high content of protein and essential nutrients. As gestation progresses, portion sizes should also increase. As with humans, medical care is essential. Schedule regular veterinary check-ups to monitor her health. The vet will give you recommendations regarding the cat's care, possible vaccinations or deworming necessary during this period, or dietary supplements the cat might need. Avoid administering any medications or supplements other than those recommended by the doctor; some can be dangerous for pregnant cats. Provide your cat with a comfortable and quiet environment, free from stressors, where she can retreat to rest. Prepare a birthing box lined with towels and disposable pads, away from loud noises, commotion, or other animals, where the cat can give birth to and care for her kittens. Always be attentive to any signs that something might be wrong. If you notice unusual discharge or secretions, contact the vet immediately! If the cat seems tired, refuses to eat, vomits, or has diarrhea, all these can be signs that she needs medical assistance. ⏩ The cat's immunity is reduced during pregnancy, so it is important to pay extra attention to hygiene and household habits. Sometimes, with the help of a veterinarian, digestive disorders or other health problems, often temporary, can be diagnosed and managed more easily with veterinary diets for cats. Do not make significant changes to your feline's diet without consulting your veterinarian! Pay attention to the cat's behavior; this can signal impending labor. The cat starts looking for a place to give birth, becomes restless, vocalizes more than usual, and frequently licks her genital area. Some cats want their owner to assist them during labor, while others prefer to be left alone – you can check on the latter at intervals to ensure everything is progressing correctly, but without stressing them with your constant presence. Feeding during pregnancy Pregnancy is a physically demanding period for a cat. To help the future mother, you can ensure she gets the nutritional needs she requires. The correct food choice will help give birth to healthy kittens, support the cat during labor, and provide support for nursing the offspring. Recommended Products To fulfill all these roles, regular adult cat food is no longer sufficient. On one hand, more food is needed, and on the other hand, a nutritional supplement might be required so that your cat gets all the vitamins and minerals she needs. Until birth, the cat will gradually consume up to 50-100% more food than usual. Regarding nutritional needs, pregnant cats need calcium. This substance is rapidly depleted during pregnancy, and a deficiency can lead to eclampsia, a fatal disease for the cat and her kittens. To supplement nutritional needs, a calcium-rich food supplement is necessary. ⏩ In certain situations, cats may need special supplements for felines, for a sufficient intake of nutrients. Discuss with your veterinarian if this is the case for your cat! Avoid administering mineral and vitamin supplements without prior consultation with qualified veterinary personnel! Also, after the first four weeks of pregnancy, 10-15% of the meal can be kitten formula. If the cat prefers dry food, it's a good idea to put fresh water next to it to ensure hydration. For an easy transition to the new diet, gradually increase the proportions between regular food and kitten food over 7-10 days. Kittens will truly develop from the ninth week, so the cat needs to get used to the new diet before this time. Food intake will continue to increase gradually until after the kittens are weaned. How many kittens can a cat have Generally, for the first birth, a cat can have 1-3 kittens. In subsequent pregnancies, the number of kittens can increase up to eight, but there are also cases of cats that have given birth to 10 or even 15 kittens. Typically, cats are most fertile between 2 and 4 years old, during which they can give birth to the largest number of kittens. After the age of five, cat fertility begins to decrease, but they can still give birth to kittens, even at advanced ages (5-8 years). How many times does a cat give birth per year? Cats with unlimited outdoor access can give birth 2 or even 3 times a year. This is why spaying and neutering cats without reproductive value is considered so important. How a cat gives birth A few days before giving birth, the cat will look for a quiet and isolated place where she will give birth to the kittens. Generally, cats choose linen closets, but if you want to help her, you can set up a place in the living room or an unused bathroom. You can place a box with clean sand, a bowl of food and one with water, as well as a basket or a cardboard box lined with clean towels. If the arranged spot is to the liking of the future mother, the cat will start sleeping there to prepare for the birth of the kittens. The first sign indicating birth is the loss of the mucus plug. This occurs before the onset of labor, before birth. The next natural step is the cat's water breaking, after which, within 2-3 hours at most, the kittens will start to appear. They can be born at intervals of 5-10 minutes, 30 minutes, or even an hour, depending on the case. If the kittens are born at intervals longer than 1-2 hours, complications may arise that require veterinary intervention. If you are wondering how long labor lasts in cats, normally, the birth of kittens does not take more than 24 hours. It is best to intervene only when absolutely necessary. If no complications arise, the cat can be observed from 1-2 meters away. The cat will clean the amniotic sac and chew the umbilical cord. If you notice that the cat is not doing this, it is advisable to wipe the kittens with sterile gauze to clear their nostrils and encourage breathing. The birth ends when at least two hours have passed since the last kitten was born. The cat will show the first signs of the birth ending: she will clean the kittens, feed them, and make a place for them to sleep. If the cat bleeds after birth, immediate veterinary intervention is needed. Possible complications - when to contact the vet Small amounts of blood after birth are normal. Even during birth, blood spots may appear due to tears in the vulva. However, if bleeding persists after 48 hours, it is recommended to contact your veterinarian. How to help a cat during its first birth To be there for your cat during gestation and the birth of her kittens, you can follow the tips below: A month before birth, you don't have much to do - just provide her with healthy food and fresh water; Immediately after pregnancy confirmation, you can start introducing more nutritionally rich food into her diet to support kitten development; An imminent birth is heralded by a milky discharge from the cat's nipples; If you monitor her body temperature, it will drop below 38.9 degrees Celsius immediately before birth. The average normal temperature for a cat is 39.1 degrees Celsius; The cat may take breaks of 10 minutes to an hour between the births of kittens; If more than 1-2 hours pass between births, it's a good idea to go to the vet; At birth, the kittens should emerge from the amniotic sac. The cat should free them from the amniotic sac; if this doesn't happen, you need to carefully cut it to free the kittens; The new mother will lick the kittens to stimulate breathing. If she is too tired to do this or is distracted by another birth, it is your duty to place the kitten face down and gently tap its back; After each kitten, the placenta should also be expelled. If it is retained in the mother's body, it can lead to serious infections. Count carefully to ensure there is one placenta for each kitten. If the mother consumes them, don't worry, it's normal. If a placenta is missing, it's good to go to the vet as soon as possible; The cat usually bites the umbilical cord. If this doesn't happen, you should help. Tie a short string around the cord, about two centimeters from the kitten, and another two centimeters further, then cut between them with sharp scissors. Gestation is quite a stressful period for cats. By providing quality food, a comfortable bed, and your involvement, you can help her bring healthy kittens into the world. Cat Supplements Veterinary Diets for Cats Photo source: Shutterstock MOST RECENT POSTS